Comment1

Clinical significant and statistical significant are both used to interpret research studies.

Clinical significant “is a subjective interpretation of a research result as practical or meaningful for the patient and thus likely to affect provider behavior”. (Thompson, 2017). It is the practical importance of a research study in relation to effect to patient outcome and whether implementation of study result will promote positive patient outcome. Clinical significance indicates how meaningful study result is. “For some conditions, very small changes could have large impact on symptomatology, disease, or quality of life”. It is a subjective decision that is based on what condition is being studied or number of people affected. (Thompson, 2017).

Statistical significant “has to do with the likelihood that a research result is true”. It is the real effect of the intervention. Statistical significant results are used in making objective decisions. Its effectiveness depends on sample size. With large sample size, there would be statistical significance in almost everything, and if the sample size is not large enough chances of random error is increased and results may not show significant differences. (Thompson, 2017). The power of statistics helps in making a correct decision especially, in rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually false. “Statistical significance tells us how likely a research result is a chance finding based on the researchers predetermined significance level”. Findings may not be important enough to affect clinical practice change even when found to be statistically significant. (Thompson, 2017).

comment2

Clinical significance involves a decision that is made based on the practical experience value or relevance of a particular treatment. Clinical significance does not necessarily involve statistical significance as an initial criterion (Friedman, 2014).

On the other hand, statistical significance involves an outcome of research that can be indicated to be true. This differs from clinical significance that can be said to be a subjective interpretation of the results from research that only offers practical experience to a patient (Peake, 2013). Further, statistical significance involves large sample size in research analysis while clinical significance only requires minimal size. While statistical significance research requires more time, effort and high costs, clinical significance does not need much time or money to be carried out (Friedman, 2014).

Additionally, clinical significance is used to describe the effects of the treatment of disease while statistical significance is not. Statistical significance further occurs along a continuum while clinical significance looks at quantitative differences between groups sample of the population is due to chance. If statistical significance is not carried out correctly such as using a large amount of sample, random errors will increase and resulting in incorrect results. However, clinical significance does not depend on correct data as the results can be reported using risk measures (Peake, 2013).

  

Think about a time when you were with a distressed patient and you found yourself asking, “What do I say?” Write the incident down here by  writing word for word, as best as you can remember, what the patient said or did that prompted the question. Be sure to protect the anonymity of the patient by using a pseudonym.

 Nichelle Ho Lung 

Please respond to the following discussion by using one reference from peer-reviewed Nursing Journal not older 5 years old (from database and not the internet).

When selecting human subjects for research, it is important to consider cultural, ethical and even social implications of the subjects. Researchers must evaluate the purpose for the research of specific individuals and determine if they are underserved population or a vulnerable population. Things like these are important to establish because implications can be developed from such. A major ethical issue that should be observed is informed consent. As described by Polit; informed consent is a process in the ethical conduct of a study that involves obtaining people’s voluntary participation in a study, after informing them of possible risks and benefits. Human subjects that are of vulnerable populations and are not able to comprehend the information of the research are implicated. If the human subject is unsure of the potential risks and benefits other measures must and should be used to create understanding for the subjects. It is ethically wrong and illegal not obtain proper informed consent. It is not safe for the subject and unfair to them as well.

Cultural barriers can also come into play and should also be observed when selecting human subjects. Providing accommodations for the subjects should be made and applied in order for complete transparency of all parties.

Parents are he mandatory reporters when it comes to combatting child abuse in Miami state. Though there has been conflicting circumstances under which mandatory child reporter must file a report, the parent should be the reporter number one in any case involving child abuse. According to the statute, the reporter must have suspicion that the child is being abused before reporting such cases (Kenny, & Abreu, 2016).The following are the steps followed in making such reports;

• Call the department of family and children’s service and report the abuse
• Complete a State of Miami Suspected Child Abuse Report
• Send the written report within 36 hours through either email or any other channel which is provided in the law.

            On August 13, 2017, Victoria Martens celebrated her 10th birthday. That same night, Victoria was incapacitated by alcohol, forcibly raped, choked, stabbed, dismembered, placed in a plastic bag in the living room and finally set on fire by her mother’s boyfriend and his cousin. Victoria’s mother did nothing to stop these monsters; instead, she watched and allowed this unspeakable violence to be inflicted upon her helpless daughter. According to the law, her mother was mandated to protect her daughter and report the case immediately to the relevant authority or to the police.

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Comment2

The State of Texas has a law that mandates anyone who thinks a child, a person 65 years or older, or any adult with disabilities is being abused, neglected or exploited must report it to the department of Family and Protective Services (DFPS). The abuse report can be made by phone 1-800-252-5400 or online at Texas Abuse Hotline 24 hours, seven days a week or call 911 the Local Law enforcement.

A person who reports abuse in good faith is immune from civil or criminal liability. The DFPS keeps the name of the person making report confidential. Anyone who does not report suspected abuse could be held liable for a misdemeanor or felony.

In the State of Texas, nurses and doctors are mandated to report any suspected child or elderly abuse to the department of Family and Protective Services or the Local law enforcement agency. They also document all findings including physical findings in the patient’s chart. Both nurses and doctors are also expected to report the suspected abuse to their immediate supervisors like nurse managers or senior doctors respectively (Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, n.d.).

• Select a client family that you have observed or counseled at your practicum site.
• Review pages 137–142 of Wheeler (2014) and the Hernandez Family Genogram video in this week’s Learning Resources.
• Reflect on elements of writing a comprehensive client assessment and creating a genogram for the client you selected.

The Assignment

Part 1: Comprehensive Client Family Assessment

Create a comprehensive client assessment for your selected client family that addresses (without violating HIPAA regulations) the following:

• Demographic information
• Presenting problem
• History or present illness
• Past psychiatric history
• Medical history
• Substance use history
• Developmental history
• Family psychiatric history
• Psychosocial history
• History of abuse and/or trauma
• Review of systems
• Physical assessment
• Mental status exam
• Differential diagnosis
• Case formulation
• Treatment plan

Part 2: Family Genogram

Develop a genogram for the client family you selected. The genogram should extend back at least three generations (parents, grandparents, and great grandparents).Select a client family that you have observed or counseled at your practicum site.

• Review pages 137–142 of Wheeler (2014) and the Hernandez Family Genogram video in this week’s Learning Resources.
• Reflect on elements of writing a comprehensive client assessment and creating a genogram for the client you selected.

The Assignment

Part 1: Comprehensive Client Family Assessment

Create a comprehensive client assessment for your selected client family that addresses (without violating HIPAA regulations) the following:

• Demographic information
• Presenting problem
• History or present illness
• Past psychiatric history
• Medical history
• Substance use history
• Developmental history
• Family psychiatric history
• Psychosocial history
• History of abuse and/or trauma
• Review of systems
• Physical assessment
• Mental status exam
• Differential diagnosis
• Case formulation
• Treatment plan

Part 2: Family Genogram

Develop a genogram for the client family you selected. The genogram should extend back at least three generations (parents, grandparents, and great grandparents).