I need these questions answered in 200 words each. Please include each question with its references.

MODULE 1

DQ1

Compare similarities and differences of ANA Public Health Nursing (PHN) Standards, CAL Public Health Nursing (PHN) Standards, and the ANA Standards of Professional Performance. Discuss the importance of standards of practice and how they guide your practice and inform nursing care. Explain the role of the advanced public health nurse as a trusted source of information.

DQ2

Discuss and cite three components within the PHN standards. Apply the components to initiatives or processes within your practicum setting. How are they important to your practicum setting? Provide a specific example of how they are used in your practicum setting.

Study Materials

Read pages 1-26 in Public Health Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice.

Read “Community/Public Health Nursing (C/PHN) Competencies,” by the Quad City Coalition (2018), located on the coalition’s website. URL: http://www.quadcouncilphn.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/QCC-C-PHN-COMPETENCIES-Approved_2018.05.04_Final-002.pdf

Read “Writing S.M.A.R.T. Goals,” by UHR Employee Development, located on the University of Idaho Human Resources website. URL: https://www.uidaho.edu/-/media/UIdaho-Responsive/Files/human-resources/forms/manager-resources/performance-development/writing-smart-goals.pdf

MODULE 2

DQ1

Describe the practicum setting where you will complete your hours. Describe the role of advanced public health nurse within the practicum setting. Discuss the overall practicum goals you have selected. Provide specific examples of how they align to ANA Public Health Nursing Standards.

DQ2

Review the assigned article “Character and Servant Leadership: Ten Characteristics of Effective, Caring Leaders.” Discuss the principles of leadership management and how they apply to your practicum setting. Select three characteristics of caring leaders from the readings. Explain how these three characteristics might relate to a Christian worldview. Does a Christian worldview complement these characteristics? Why or why not?

STUDY MATERIALS

Read Standard 12. Leadership in Public Health Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice. 

Read “Character and Servant Leadership: Ten Characteristics of Effective, Caring Leaders,” by Spears, from Journal of Virtues and Leadership (2010). URL: https://www.regent.edu/acad/global/publications/jvl/vol1_iss1/Spears_Final.pdf

Read “Using Bloom’s Taxonomy for Effective Learning,” located on the ThoughtCo website. URL: https://www.thoughtco.com/blooms-taxonomy-the-incredible-teaching-tool-2081869

Explore “Chapter 13. Orienting Ideas in Leadership” in Management and Leadership, located on the Community Tool Box website. URL: https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/leadership/leadership-ideas

Explore “Chapter 14. Core Functions in Leadership,” located on the Community Tool Box website (2018). URL: https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/leadership/leadership-functions

Read the “Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretative Statements ANA Code of Ethics,” from the American Nurses Association (2015). URL: https://www.nursingworld.org/coe-view-only

MODULE 3

DQ1

Use the “SWOT Analysis” template to identify internal and external factors that can help or hinder organizational or program success in your practicum setting. After completing the template, answer the following questions: How can weaknesses be converted into strengths? Can strengths be used to overcome threats? If so, provide an example. How can opportunities be maximized? Do not upload the template into the discussion forum–it is for guidance only.

DQ2

In the first discussion question in this topic, you completed a SWOT analysis for your practicum site. Using current evidence-based practice resources, explain how you would apply practice improvement strategies to minimize the weakness that you indicated in your completed SWOT analysis.

STUDY MATERIALS

Read Standard 9. Evidence Based Practice and Research in Public Health Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice.

Read “Framework for Selecting Best Practices in Public Health: A Systematic Literature Review,” by Ng and de Colombani, from Journal of Public Health Research (2015). URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4693338/

Read “Tools for Implementing an Evidence-Based Approach in Public Health Practice,” by Jacobs, Jones, Gabella, Spring, and Brownson, from Preventing Chronic Disease (2015), located on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2012/11_0324.htm

Explore the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) website. URL: https://www.ahrq.gov

Read “Section 14. SWOT Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats” in Chapter 3 of Community Assessment, located on the Community Toolbox website. URL: https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/assessment/assessing-community-needs-and-resources/swot-analysis/main

Explore the Evidence-Based Resources page of the Healthy People 2020  website. URL: https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/tools-resources/Evidence-Based-Resources

Explore the Databases of Best Practices page on the Community Tool Box website. URL: https://ctb.ku.edu/en/databases-best-practices

MODULE 4

DQ1

Locate the organizational chart of stakeholders in your practicum setting. Identify and discuss stakeholders and partnerships. Differentiate between formal and informal leaders.

DQ2

Explain how communication occurs between the organization and external and internal stakeholders in your practicum setting. What works well and what strategies could be implemented to improve communication between the organization and external and internal stakeholders?

STUDY MATERIALS

Read Standard 5c. Consultation and Standard 11. Communication in Public Health Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice.

Review “Using Bloom’s Taxonomy for Effective Learning,” located on the ThoughtCo website. URL: https://www.thoughtco.com/blooms-taxonomy-the-incredible-teaching-tool-2081869

Read “Nurse Partnerships Across the Public Health System,” by Towne and Chaudry, from Nursing Management (2017). URL:https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://gateway.ovid.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&AN=00006247-201701000-00006&LSLINK=80&D=ovft

Explore “Chapter 6. Communications to Promote Interest” in Communications to Promote Interest and Participation, located on the Community Tool Box website. URL: https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/participation/promoting-interest

MODULE 5

DQ1

What methods of collaboration between internal and external stakeholders have you observed in your practicum setting? What are the benefits and challenges with their methods of collaboration?

DQ2 

What collaboration methods could you use to advocate for a practice improvement strategy? Provide a specific example of how the collaboration methods you selected are effective.

STUDY MATERIALS

Read Standard 13. Collaboration in Public Health Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice.

MODULE 6

DQ1

Compare two conceptual frameworks that can be used in public health nursing. Select a conceptual framework and apply it to an issue in public health nursing. Apply the nursing process at the micro-level, meso-level, and macro-level for the public health issue you selected.

DQ2

Select and cite an article demonstrating how systems theory applies to public health nursing. Compare systems theory and nursing process. Explain how systems theory applies to a public health issue in your practicum setting.

STUDY MATERIALS

Read Standard 10. Quality of Practice in Public Health Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice.

Read “System Theory,” by the National Center for Environmental Heath (2017), located on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/ehsnet/system-theory.htm

Read “The Nursing Process Applied to Population-Based Public Health Nursing Practice,” from Minnesota Department of Public Health/Center for Public Health Nursing Practice (2003), located on the Minnesota Department of Health website. URL:https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/practice/ta/phnconsultants/docs/0303phn_processapplication.pdf

Review “Using Bloom’s Taxonomy for Effective Learning,” located on the ThoughtCo website. URL: https://www.thoughtco.com/blooms-taxonomy-the-incredible-teaching-tool-2081869

MODULE 7

DQ1

Describe three determinants of health used in your practicum setting. What steps in research did you use to locate the resources for the determinants of health used in your practicum setting? Identify how data are collected, analyzed, and stored for determinants of health.

DQ2

Identify how the determinants of health are used in an initiative in the practicum setting. What database did you retrieve data from to benchmark the determinants of health for your initiative? How is progress benchmarked and analyzed?

STUDY MATERIALS

Read Standard 1. Assessment and Standard 3. Outcomes Identification in Public Health Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice.

Read “Developmental Monitoring and Screening for Health Professionals,” located on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/screening-hcp.html

Read “FACETS: Using Open Data to Measure Community Social Determinants of Health,” by Cantor, Chandras, and Pulgarin, from Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association (2017). URL: https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.lopes.idm.oclc.org/pmc/articles/PMC5885799/

Read “Measurement of Health Disparities, Health Inequities, and Social Determinants of Health to Support the Advancement of Health Equity,” by Penman-Aguilar, Talih, Huang, Moonesinghe, Bouye, and Beckles, from Journal of Public Health Management and Practice (2016). URL:https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://gateway.ovid.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&AN=00124784-201601001-00007&LSLINK=80&D=ovft

Explore “Chapter 17. Analyzing Community Problems and Solutions” in Analyzing Community Problems and Designing and Adapting Community Interventions, located on the Community Tool Box website. URL: https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/analyze/analyze-community-problems-and-solutions

Explore “Chapter 18. Deciding Where to Start” in Analyzing Community Problems and Designing and Adapting Community Interventions, located on the Community Tool Box website. URL: https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/analyze/where-to-start

Explore “Chapter 19. Choosing and Adapting Community Interventions” in Analyzing Community Problems and Designing and Adapting Community Interventions, located on the Community Tool Box website. URL: https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/analyze/choose-and-adapt-community-interventions

MODULE 8

DQ1

Why is it critical to measure determinants of health? List three strategies for measuring determinants of health in populations and identify which strategy applies to each determinant of health.

DQ2

What are disparities of health and why are they important to address? List three resources needed to benchmark disparities of health and what information they provide. 

STUDY MATERIALS

Read Standard 2. Population Diagnosis and Priorities in Public Health Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice.

Review “Measurement of Health Disparities, Health Inequities, and Social Determinants of Health to Support the Advancement of Health Equity,” by Penman-Aguilar, Talih, Huang, Moonesinghe, Bouye, and Beckles, from Journal of Public Health Management and Practice (2016). URL:https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://gateway.ovid.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&AN=00124784-201601001-00007&LSLINK=80&D=ovft

Read “Disparities,” located on the Healthy People 2020 website. URL: https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about/foundation-health-measures/Disparities

Review “Using Bloom’s Taxonomy for Effective Learning,” located on the ThoughtCo website. URL: https://www.thoughtco.com/blooms-taxonomy-the-incredible-teaching-tool-2081869

MODULE 9

DQ1

What are the sources of data used in your practicum setting? Explain the process of how data is collected, stored, and analyzed in your practicum setting. What information is gained from this data and how it is utilized in your practicum setting?

DQ2

Describe the Quad Council Competencies in regards to data. How have you applied the Quad Council Competencies in your practicum work? Provide one or two specific examples.

STUDY MATERIALS

Review “Community/Public Health Nursing [C/PHN] Competencies,” located on the Quad City Coalition website (2018). URL: http://www.quadcouncilphn.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/QCC-C-PHN-COMPETENCIES-Approved_2018.05.04_Final-002.pdf

MODULE 10

DQ1

Compare two models that can be used for public health nursing assessments. Describe what each model is used to assess.

DQ2

Choose a health issue and identify a public health nursing model that would be appropriate to your practicum setting. Provide one or two specific examples of how the model is appropriate for your practicum setting.

STUDY MATERIALS

Review Standard 1. Assessments and read Appendix A in Public Health Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice.

Read “Appendix: Public Health Nursing Assessment Tool,” by Lewenson and Truglio-Londrigan. URL: http://samples.jbpub.com/9780763766542/41764_TruglioLondrigan_Appendix.pdf

Review “Using Bloom’s Taxonomy for Effective Learning,” located on the ThoughtCo website. URL: https://www.thoughtco.com/blooms-taxonomy-the-incredible-teaching-tool-2081869

A 60-year-old woman has just been diagnosed with osteoporosis. She does not understand how this could be possible, as she has always been a milk drinker.

1. As the nurse caring for her, explain the risk factors for developing osteoporosis.
2. Explore patient-care technologies and how you would use these in educating her on this new diagnosis.
3. Identify the type of pain this individual will most likely experience with a diagnosis of osteoporosis. Briefly include the pathophysiology in your rationale to this answer.

 

1) **********minimum 5 full pages ( not words)**************************** (cover or reference page not included) 

2)¨**********APA norms  ( All paragraphs need to be cited properly. All responses must be in a narrative format and each paragraph must have at least 4 sentences)

3)********** It will be verified by Turnitin and SafeAssign 

4) **********References from the last 5 years  

5) The points don’t be must copied in the work. It must be identified by numbers. 

For example:

1.  Communicable and Infectious disease is ………………………….

2.  The principles related are……………………..

3. The three focus areas are…………….

___________________________________________________

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Go to http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/default.aspx and review the Healthy People 2020 initiative. Pay close attention to the objectives, goals, and indicators.

2. Go to: https://www.cdc.gov/outbreaks/index.html and identify 3 community infectious outbreaks such as measles and develop the assignment.

–Using your city or county public health department or the CDC, choose 3 population or community based problems such as disease, disaster, crimes, accidents, falls etc…

–from the topics outlined in the website prepare an analysis discussing how these 3 conditions, 

  a) affect your community 

  b) how they were identified and a plan of action to contained them base on healthy people 2020.

________________________________________________________

Must include the zip code of the city or county chosen 

 SOAP Note about Cirrhosis,

This sheet is to help you understand what we are looking for, and what our margin remarks might be about on your write ups of patients. Since at all of the white-ups that you hand in are uniform, this represents what MUST be included in every write-up.

1)      Identifying Data (___5pts): The opening list of the note. It contains age, sex, race, marital status, etc. The patient complaint should be given in quotes. If the patient has more than one complaint, each complaint should be listed separately (1, 2, etc.) and each addressed in the subjective and under the appropriate number.

2)      Subjective Data (___30pts.): This is the historical part of the note. It contains the following:

a) Symptom analysis/HPI(Location, quality , quantity or severity, timing, setting, factors that make it better or worse, and associate manifestations.(10pts).

b) Review of systems of associated systems, reporting all pertinent positives and negatives (10pts).

c) Any PMH, family hx, social hx, allergies, medications related to the complaint/problem (10pts). If more than one chief complaint, each should be written u in this manner.

3)      Objective Data(__25pt.): Vital signs need to be present. Height and Weight should be included where appropriate.

a)      Appropriate systems are examined, listed in the note and consistent with those identified in 2b.(10pts).

b)      Pertinent positives and negatives must be documented for each relevant system.

c)        Any abnormalities must be fully described. Measure and record sizes of things (likes moles, scars). Avoid using “ok”, “clear”, “within normal limits”, positive/ negative, and normal/abnormal to describe things. (5pts).

4)      Assessment (___10pts.): Diagnoses should be clearly listed and worded appropriately.

5)      Plan (___15pts.): Be sure to include any teaching, health maintenance and counseling along with the pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures. If you have more than one diagnosis, it is helpful to have this section divided into separate numbered sections.

6)      Subjective/ Objective, Assessment and Management and Consistent (___10pts.): Does the note support the appropriate differential diagnosis process? Is there evidence that you know what systems and what symptoms go with which complaints? The assessment/diagnoses should be consistent with the subjective section and then the assessment and plan. The management should be consistent with the assessment/ diagnoses identified.

7)      Clarity of the Write-up(___5pts.): Is it literate, organized and complete?

Comments:

Julian Fils Julian Fils: (Week Two)Neurotransmitters and Receptor TheoryCOLLAPSE

Discussion: Neurotransmitters and Receptor Theory

Explain the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents, including how partial and inverse agonist functionality may impact psychopharmacologic treatments’ efficacy.

In simple terms, an agonist creates a specific action, and the antagonist opposes a particular activity. Neurotransmitters that occur naturally stimulate receptors and are thus agonists. Some medications also stimulate receptors and are therefore agonists as well. The mechanism of partial agonists or stabilizers the drugs stimulate the receptors lesser than natural neurotransmitter. It is a common misconception that antagonists are the opposite of agonists because they block agonists’ actions. However, although antagonists prevent agonists’ efforts, they have no activity of their own in the agonist’s absence (Stern et al., 2016).

For this reason, antagonists are sometimes called “silent.” Inverse agonists, on the other hand, do have opposite actions compared to agonists. That is, they not only block agonists but can also reduce activity below the baseline level when no agonist is present. Thus, the agonist spectrum reaches from full agonists to partial agonists through “silent” antagonists and finally inverse agonists (Stahl, 2013).

Compare and contrast the actions of g couple proteins and ion gated channels

Neurotransmitters trigger G-protein-linked and ion-channel-linked cascades.  There are four elements linked to the G-protein-linked system. The first element is the neurotransmitter, also referred to as the first messenger. The second is the G-protein coupled receptors which have seven transmembrane regions. The third element a G protein, which is a connecting protein. The fourth element is an enzyme that can synthesize a second messenger when activated (Stahl, 2013).  The first steps involve the neurotransmitter binding to the receptor. It also changes the form of the receptor, which allows it to fit with the G protein. Then, the G protein binding is conformed to the receptor of the neurotransmitter. The two receptors (neurotransmitter and the G protein) work with each other, which then bind to enzyme E and synthesizes the second messenger (Stahl, 2013).

Ion channel receptors are a vital component of nervous system signaling, allowing rapid and direct conversion of a chemical neurotransmitter message to an electrical current. Efficient neurotransmission requires the precise interplay of various neurotransmitter receptors at pre-and post-synaptic compartments. Ligand-gated ion channels play a central role in intercellular communication in the nervous system. Ion channels are the cellular machinery for ion flux across the membrane and, therefore, the basis of the electrical excitation of neurons. Ligand-gated ion channels are oligomeric protein assemblies that convert a chemical signal into an ion flux through the post-synaptic membrane and are involved in essential brain functions such as attention, learning, and memory (Li et al., 2015).

Explain how the role of epigenetics may contribute to pharmacologic action

Epigenetics describes genetic information that is ‘beyond’ or ‘above’ that information coded solely by our genetic code (Stefanska & MacEwan, 2015). Prior research has shown that the initial epigenetic pattern was set during life and gave each neuron its life-long personality. However, recent studies have shown that these neurons are changing. Depending on what happened to them, such as stress, child abuse, dietary deficiencies, psychotherapy, drug abuse, or psychotherapeutic medications, the previously silent genes are now activated once active genes can become silenced. Thus, causing favorable and unfavorable developments. Favorable epigenetics may trigger learning or experience therapeutic effects on medications, and inimical epigenetic mechanisms may trigger drug abuse, addiction, anxiety disorder, or chronic pain (Stahl, 2013). 

Explain how this information may impact the way you prescribe medications to patients. Include a specific example of a situation or case with a patient in which the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner must be aware of the medication’s action.

As prescribers, psychiatric nurse practitioners must understand the biological and physical aspects of prescribing medication to the mental health population. These medications directly affect the receptors and neurons; therefore, it is imperative to understand the mechanism of action. Recently at work, a geriatric psychiatric patient with a urinary tract infection was having difficulty sleeping. The nurse asked about trazodone as a PRN for sleep. The Psychiatrist explained that trazodone inhibition of the reuptake of serotonin makes it an antidepressant. It is essential to know it also blocks alpha- receptors that can give the side effect of orthostatic hypotension, especially in older patients. What is also crucial is to note that the anticholinergic effects of trazodone cause delirium and confusion.

In this example, a study was conducted by Lockwood & Youssef  (2017), where the study of epigenetic effects on the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)  in patients with bipolar disorder types I and II and major depressive disorder. In this study, methylation was investigated when patients were in various mood states, including manic, hypomanic, mixed, euthymic, and depressed. The effects of valproic acid and lithium and the impact on BDNF were studied. The results have shown that in a mixed or manic state, BDNF methylation levels approximated that of the control subjects. In addition to that, the patients that were in euthymic or depressed states had significantly higher BDNF methylation levels (Lockwood & Youssef, 2017).

References

Li, S., Wong, A. H. C., & Liu, F. (2015). Ligand-gated ion channel interacting proteins and their role in neuroprotection. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2014.00125

Lockwood, L., & Youssef, N. (2017). Systematic review of epigenetic effects of pharmacological agents for bipolar disorders. Brain Sciences, 7(12), 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci7110154

Stahl, S. (2013). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology print and online bundle: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications. Cambridge University Press.

Stefanska, B., & MacEwan, D. J. (2015). Epigenetics and pharmacology. British Journal of Pharmacology, 172(11), 2701–2704. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.13136

Stern, T. A., M Fava, Wilens, T. E., & Rosenbaum, J. F. (2016). Massachusetts general hospital psychopharmacology and neurotherapeutics. Elsevier.

Deepinder Bhandohal Week 2 DiscussionCOLLAPSE

Foundational Neuroscience

1.  Explain the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents, including how partial and inverse agonist functionality may impact the efficacy of psychopharmacologic treatments.

Agonists are agents that activate receptors upon their binding, similar to the effect of neurotransmitters, hormones, and other endogenous regulators. Antagonists on the other hand do not affect the action of the receptor but act by blocking the receptor’s effectiveness to prevent binding of other drugs or endogenous molecules for activation. Therefore, an antagonist is a drug that has a receptor binding affinity but do not initiate any intrinsic activity (Seyedabadi, Ghahremani, & Albert, 2019).

Partial agonists have moderate activity compared to full agonists, often producing half the effect. A partial agonist can thus be an agonist-antagonist as it blocks the binding of other molecules while producing limited activity. An inverse agonist binds to the agonist binding site on the receptor but elicits an opposite pharmacological effect. Therefore, partial and inverse agonists influence the efficacy and outcomes of the treatments.

2.  Compare and contrast the actions of G-coupled proteins and ion gated channels.

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute a large family of receptors on the cellular plasma membranes that utilize a G protein to transmit signals inside the cell. Disorders in G-protein coupled receptors may result in diseases as they serve multiple functions within the body. Different responses are elicited by the G-protein coupled receptors following the interaction of G-protein subunits with other proteins within the cell. The subunits (α subunit, and another made up of the β and γ subunits) are produced from the division of G-protein following the binding with guanosine triphosphate. The interaction of these subunits with other proteins triggers diverse signaling pathways within the cell (Seyedabadi, Ghahremani, & Albert, 2019).

Ion channels are proteins that enable the flow of specific ions into and out of the cell. There are three types of gated ion channels; mechanically-gated ion channels, voltage-gated ion channels, and ligand-gated ion channels. Ligand-gated ion channels are ionotropic receptors that close or open in response to ligand binding. Voltage-gated ion channels open or close in response to changes in the membrane potentials. Membrane proteins activated by a GPCR can interact with ligand-gated ion channels to prompt their opening or closing (Alexander et al., 2019).

3.  Explain how the role of epigenetics may contribute to pharmacologic action.

Epigenetics is gene regulation where the gene expression patterns are changed following reversible modification of DNA, RNA, or proteins. Epigenetic alterations enable the understanding and identification of diseases like neurodegenerative disorders or cancers. DNA methylation is an example of disease-causing alterations. Responses to drugs vary based on the cellular changes caused by epigenetic alterations or genetic heterogeneity (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2018).

4.  Explain how this information may impact the way you prescribe medications to patients. Include a specific example of a situation or case with a patient in which the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner must be aware of the medication’s action.

Prescribing medications needs to take account of the patient’s characteristics especially the family history and the genetic implications on diagnosis and treatment. McClarty, Fisher, and Dong (2018) point out the effect of age on dementia treatment, especially when using antipsychotics for the psychological, behavioral, and psychosis symptoms. The treatment has various side effects and is often ineffective due to the effects of aging on drug metabolism and clearance. Age-induced epigenetic alterations also result in pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic changes that influence the antipsychotic action of the medication (Nguyen et al., 2020). Epigenetic changes also cause an increase in side effects and altered efficacy of antipsychotics due to histone modifications. Awareness of these changes would inform the prescription decision, especially for the antipsychotics to ensure minimal side effects and maximum efficacy of the selected medication (Camprodon & Roffman, 2016).

References

Alexander, S., Mathie, A., Peters, J. A., Veale, E. L., Striessnig, J., Kelly, E., Armstrong, J. F., Faccenda, E., Harding, S. D., Pawson, A. J., Sharman, J. L., Southan, C., Davies, J. A., & CGTP Collaborators (2019). The Concise Guide to Pharmacology 2019/20: Ion channels. British journal of pharmacology, 176 Suppl 1(Suppl 1), S142–S228. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.14749

Camprodon, J. A., & Roffman, J. L. (2016). Psychiatric neuroscience: Incorporating pathophysiology into clinical case formulation. In T. A. Stern, M. Favo, T. E. Wilens, & J. F. Rosenbaum. (Eds.), Massachusetts General Hospital psychopharmacology and neurotherapeutics (pp. 1–19). Elsevier. 

Guidelines on prescribing practice in mental health: A systematic review. Psychiatry Research, 284. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112671

McClarty, B. M., Fisher, D. W., & Dong, H. (2018). Epigenetic Alterations Impact on Antipsychotic Treatment in Elderly Patients. Current treatment options in psychiatry, 5(1), 17–29.

Nguyen, T., Seiler, N., Brown, E., & O’Donoghue, B. (2020). The effect of Clinical Practice

Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2018). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice providers. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.

Seyedabadi, M., Ghahremani, M. H., & Albert, P. R. (2019). Biased signaling of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs): Molecular determinants of GPCR/transducer selectivity and therapeutic potential. Pharmacology & therapeutics, 200, 148–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.05.006

2 SOURCES ON EACH DISCUSSION