Please answer to this discussion post with a minimum of 200 words, cited, APA style. 

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The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force is an independent panel of experts in primary care and prevention who Health Screenings are examinations and tests to look for a disease before patients develop any symptoms. It is important because from a medical perspective prevention is better than cure. It is also often easier to treat or indeed cure a condition in its early stages systematically reviews the evidence of effectiveness and develops recommendations for clinical preventive services.  The purpose of screening individuals or populations is to reduce the risk of death or future ill health from a specific condition by offering a test intended to help identify people who could benefit from treatment.  Long and Colorectal cancer screening are tow among others recommendations from US preventing task force.

Lung Cancer (both small cell and non-small cell) is the second most common cancer in both men and women. The American Cancer Society’s estimates for lung cancer in the United States for 2019 are: About 228,150 new cases of lung cancer (116,440 in men and 111,710 in women) About 142,670 deaths from lung cancer (76,650 in men and 66,020 in women). (Society, 2019)

Summary of Recommendation and Evidence for lung Cancer 

Population: Adults Aged 55-80, with a History of Smoking. The USPSTF recommends annual screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) in adults aged 55 to 80 years who have a 30 pack-year smoking history and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years. Screening should be discontinued once a person has not smoked for 15 years or develops a health problem that substantially limits life expectancy or the ability or willingness to have curative lung surgery. The USPSTF updated its definition of and suggestions for practice for the grades A, B, C, D, and I. Lung Cancer Category B. It means that the screening is high certainty that the net benefit is moderate or there is moderate certainty that the net benefit is moderate to substantial.

On the other hand, Colorectal Cancer is one of the most common cancers diagnosed in the United States. Excluding skin cancers, it is the third most common cancer in both men and women in the U.S.

Population: 

Adults aged 50 to 75 years. The USPSTF recommends screening for colorectal cancer starting at age 50 years and continuing until age 75 years. The risks and benefits of different screening methods vary. Starting with a simple FBOT or FIT test at the office or sigmoidoscopy every 5 years and colonoscopy every 10 years. The recommendation for this group is category A (The USPSTF recommends the service. There is high certainty that the net benefit is substantial). 

Adults aged 76 to 85 years. The decision to screen for colorectal cancer in adults aged 76 to 85 years should be an individual one, taking into account the patient’s overall health and prior screening history. Adults in this age group who have never been screened for colorectal cancer are more likely to benefit. Screening would be most appropriate among adults who 1) are healthy enough to undergo treatment if colorectal cancer is detected and 2) do not have comorbid conditions that would significantly limit their life expectancy. The recommendation for this group is category C (The USPSTF recommends selectively offering or providing this service to individual patients based on professional judgment and patient preferences. There is at least moderate certainty that the net benefit is small). (Force, 2014)

References

Force, T. U. (2014, June 12). Recommendations for Primary Care Practice. Retrieved from The U.S. Preventice Services Task Force : https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Name/recommendations

Society, A. C. (2019, May 17). Cancer Facts and Statistics. Retrieved from American Cancer Society: https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics.html

Discussion: Discussing End-of-Life Care

There is a human tendency to postpone uncomfortable or unpleasant tasks.

—Nancy Kummer, geriatric patient

This human tendency to avoid the unpleasant makes end-of-life care and hospice decisions difficult for many patients to discuss with their families. Kummer is a former social worker who used to counsel patients with terminal illnesses, yet she avoided discussing her own end-of-life wishes with her children. While many Americans, like Kummer, agree that these discussions need to take place, few have actually had these conversations with their families (Lazar, 2012). Although initiating conversations about end-of-life care and hospice might be difficult for patients, as an advanced practice nurse, facilitating these conversations is an integral part of your geriatric nursing practice. For this Discussion, consider how you would facilitate care conversations with the patients and families in the following case studies:

Case Study 1

Mrs. Sloan, a 69-year-old widow, is about to enter the hospital for an elective cholecystectomy; she is being medically cleared by her primary care provider. During the discussion, she requests to be placed on a no code status during her hospitalization. Mrs. Sloan claims that besides her gallbladder problem, her general health status is good. She wishes to have the surgery to avoid any further attacks, which have been very painful. She states, however, that if during surgery or her postoperative period, she undergoes a cardiac arrest, she would prefer not to be resuscitated. She has read about the chances of successful resuscitation, and has determined that the risk of brain damage is too high. For this reason, she is requesting a no code status.

Case Study 2

Ms. Stearns is an 83-year-old nursing home resident with hypertension, coronary artery disease, arthritis, renal insufficiency, hearing impairment, and a previous history of stroke. She also has a foot deformity from childhood polio. She is disoriented at times. She has lived in the nursing home for 10 years and rarely leaves the chair beside her bed. She has recently developed urinary incontinence, but has refused a bladder catheterization to determine postvoid residual urine or possible bladder infection. She does not have a diagnosis of dementia; however, current testing reveals that she performs poorly on a standardized mental status examination. She can, however, identify all the staff in the nursing home, and she can describe each patient who has been in the bed next to hers over the past 10 years. When asked to explain why she does not want bladder catheterization, she gives several reasons. She states that the incontinence does not bother her, and that she has always been a very private person. She particularly dislikes and objects to any examination of her pelvic organs; in fact, she has never had a pelvic examination nor has she ever had sexual intercourse. She realizes that she has a number of medical problems and that any one of them could worsen at any time. She states she is not willing to undergo any treatment for any of her current problems should they become worse.

Case Study 3

Mr. Marley, age 91, is admitted to the intensive care unit following a stroke. The stroke progressed from mild hemiparesis and difficulty speaking to complete unresponsiveness and an inability to swallow. His daughter feels certain, based on prior explicit conversations with her father, that he would not want to have any treatment that would prolong his life and leave him in a severely disabled state. Mr. Marley’s oldest son disagrees with his sister’s assessment of their father. The son claims that their father still has a strong desire to live, and that he has been very active in his church until this stroke. Because Mr. Marley cannot swallow, he cannot be fed. The family is asked about insertion of a feeding tube. It is explained to the family that without food and fluids, their father will die fairly quickly. There are no existing advance directives or a designated health care decision maker noted for Mr. Marley.

To prepare:

• Review Chapter 14 of the Holroyd-Leduc and Reddy text.
• Reflect on the role of the advanced practice nurse in facilitating the discussion of end-of-life care with patients and their families.
• Think about how you, as an advanced practice nurse, would approach a family who wants “everything” done for a patient with only a limited time to live.
• Consider when it is appropriate to involve hospice and how to approach patients and/or families who refuse hospice services.
• Select one of the three provided case studies related to the end-of-life care of the frail elderly. Reflect on potential patient outcomes and how you would facilitate the discussion of care with this patient’s family.

By Day 3

Post an explanation of the role of the advanced practice nurse in facilitating the discussion of end-of-life care with patients and their families. Explain how you would approach a family who wants “everything” done for a patient with only a limited time to live. Then, explain when it is appropriate to involve hospice and how to approach patients and/or families who refuse hospice services. Finally, explain potential outcomes of the patient in the case study you selected and how you would facilitate the discussion of end-of-life care with this patient’s family.

 

Develop a Focused SOAP Note, including your  differential diagnosis and critical-thinking process to formulate a  primary diagnosis. Incorporate the following into your responses in the  template:

• Subjective: What details did the patient provide regarding  their chief complaint and symptomatology to derive your differential  diagnosis? What is the duration and severity of their symptoms? How are  their symptoms impacting their functioning in life? 
• Objective: What observations did you make during the psychiatric assessment?  
• Assessment: Discuss the patient’s mental status examination  results. What were your differential diagnoses? Provide a minimum of  three possible diagnoses with supporting evidence, listed in order from  highest to lowest priority. Compare the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for each differential diagnosis and explain what DSM-5  criteria rules out the differential diagnosis to find an accurate  diagnosis. Explain the critical-thinking process that led you to the  primary diagnosis you selected. Include pertinent positives and  pertinent negatives for the specific patient case.
• Plan: What is your plan for psychotherapy? What is your plan  for treatment and management, including alternative therapies? Include  pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies,  and follow-up parameters as well as a rationale for this treatment and  management plan. Also incorporate one health promotion activity and one  patient education strategy.
• Reflection notes: What would you do differently with this  client if you could conduct the session again? Discuss what your next  intervention would be if you were able to follow up with this  patient. Also include in your reflection a discussion related to  legal/ethical considerations (demonstrate critical thinking beyond  confidentiality and consent for treatment!), health promotion, and  disease prevention that takes into consideration patient factors (such  as age, ethnic group, etc.), PMH, and other risk factors (e.g.,  socioeconomic, cultural background, etc.)

What is the Stark Act and what is its purpose? How is the Stark Act different from the Anti-Kickback Statute? Include an example of a healthcare organization activity which illustrates a possible conflict of interest concern and violation.

Next, analyze and discuss how the ruling would impact a similar healthcare organization or proposed merger/partnership of several healthcare entities. 

Provide a thoughtful and complete initial post that is two to three paragraphs (minimum of 400 words) and 3 APA references

No plagiarism

The Law of Healthcare Administration Edition #: 8


Author: J. Stuart Showalter, JD
Publisher: Health Administration Press 

Conduct a health assessment of a population of your choice. Explain the process and summarize the results. 

By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:

  

• Competency 1: Health Assessment – Conduct comprehensive and focused assessments of health and illness parameters in individuals, groups, and vulnerable populations.       
  • Describe the key elements that make up a health assessment at the community, group, and individual levels.
  • Explain the process involved in conducting a comprehensive health assessment.
  • Summarize the findings of a health assessment for a specific population.
• Competency 3: Nursing Research and Informatics – Incorporate evidence-based practice interventions (for example, information systems and patient care technologies) as appropriate for managing the acute and chronic care of patients, promoting health across the lifespan.       
  • Use valid, scholarly research resources relevant to the field of nursing to support information presented.
• Competency 5: Communication – Communicate effectively with all members of the health care team, including interdepartmental and interdisciplinary collaboration for quality outcomes.       
  • Write coherently to support a central idea in appropriate APA format with correct grammar, usage, and mechanics as expected of a nursing professional.

Conduct a health assessment of a population of your choice as you complete the following:

1. Describe the key elements that make up a health assessment at each of the following levels:      
   1. Community.
   2. Group.
   3. Individual.
2. Explain the process for completing a comprehensive health assessment.
3. Summarize the findings of the health assessment you conducted. Be sure you include a brief description of the population you selected.

Additional Requirements

• Format: Include a title page and reference. Use APA style and formatting.
• Length: This assessment should be approximately 3–5 pages in length. 
• References: Cite at least three current scholarly or professional resources.
• Font: Use double-spaced, 12-point, Times New Roman font.