Write a 500-800 word paper discussing the different methodologies and designs used in each study.

Discuss the external and internal validity issues associated with each methodology and design.

1. Provide a brief summary of each article. Cite using APA format, do NOT use full article titles in your writing.
2. Discuss the external and internal validity issues associated with each methodology and design. 
   1. Evaluate the source (i.e. the journal) the article was published in.
   2. Evaluate the sources, type of sources, the quantity of sources, and applicability of sources the authors use. Check the information you are using against another source beyond the reference page to ensure the validity of the research. For example, if the piece includes specific dates or facts, check those dates and facts against a second reliable source. If the facts do not match, there is a good chance the research article is not entirely valid.
   3. Verify the author’s credentials, and co-author’s credentials.
   4. Describe how the authors described the specific details of how the study was designed as well as the overall study components. How did the authors describe the rigor of the study? How did the authors control for extraneous variables?
   5. How did the authors establish the effects of the intervention/treatment? There are several types of internal validity factors to evaluate including experimental mortality, randomization, blinding, adverse effects of placebo administration, and scientific misconduct.
   6. Are there any methodological problems? Do the authors demonstrate statistical significance? Use the same criteria for establishing the effects of treatment to evaluate the methodological problems.
   7. How did the authors establish a case for generalizability? Generalization can be established even if the authors did not use randomization, if this is the case in the articles you chose, describe how the authors evaluated for generalizability.
   8. Describe how using a different methodology or design might have been beneficial for each study and describe why.
3. Summarize your entire paper.

What are your thoughts…

One example that shows how research uses hypothesis testing is the Physicians’ Reactions experiment, in which physicians were asked how long they would see patients that were either obese or of average-weight (Lane). Researchers found that physicians would see average-weight patients for a mean 6.4 seconds longer. However, since so many variables could contribute to a physician’s decision, the results could have been caused by chance. But through hypothesis testing, the researchers found that there was only a 0.57% chance that the results were caused by luck, consequently verifying the results of their study. 

A nurse manager is concerned about a competing hospital in town that is publically hearing a lot about collective bargaining and the steps that the nurses have been taking to start a union. The nurse manager’s organization is aggressively providing in-depth education to all employees about collective bargaining in order to answer numerous questions that have arisen recently.

1. What are reasons that nurses want to join a union?

2. What are the reasons that nurses do not want to join a union?

3. What are the common union organizing strategies? 

Reflect on the current roles of advanced practice nurses in healthcare as the care providers at the front line of disease management and health promotion in primary care and many other specialty settings. 250 words. APA style. 2 references (less than 5 years)Please answer the questions separately.

1-What do you think are some effective tactics for APN strategic positioning regarding pay equality? 

2-Should APNs position themselves as lower-cost providers who provide better care or push for comparable worth, same service and same pay?

Below is an article that provides great practical information that highlights how provider productivity is calculated in the clinical setting, which is important to know as future nurse practitioners.

Calculating Your Worth: Understanding Productivity and Value- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4093517/ 

1) **********minimum 4 full pages ( not words)**************************** (cover or reference page not included) 

2)¨**********APA norms 

3)********** It will be verified by Turnitin and SafeAssign 

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You must answer the 2 questions 4 times. 

You must submit 4 documents (each one 1 page), in each one you must answer the 4 questions. 

Copy and paste will not be admitted. 

You should address the questions with different wording, different references, but always, objectively answering the questions.

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Questions:

1) Discuss what is complicated grieving. 

2) Mention and  discuss at least 3 clues for identifying complicated grief reaction