APA format 1 page 3 peer review references 2 from walden university library

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) occur when bacteria invade the normally sterile urinary system, causing inflammation to the epithelium. If the infection is found in the urethra and bladder, it is considered a lower urinary tract infection. When the infection goes above the level of the bladder and into the ureters and kidney, it is considered an upper urinary tract infection or pyelonephritis (Huether & McCance, 2017). Risk factors for UTIs include female gender, diabetes, sexual intercourse, urinary incontinence and/or retention, and immobility (Arcangelo, Peterson, Wilbur, & Reinhold, 2017).

            Lower urinary tract infections are most commonly caused by intestinal microbes like E. Coli. These pathogens bind to the urinary epithelium and create an inflammatory response. This response created edema and stretching of the bladder wall, which signals the stretch receptors to relay the feeling of fullness. This created the urgency, frequency, dysuria, and low back pain that are commonly felt. If left untreated, the epithelial wall will become more and more damaged, eventually leading to bleeding, ulcerations, and even gangrene (Huether & McCance, 2017).

            Upper urinary tract infections, or pyelonephritis, can be caused by the pathogen climbing and spreading into the upper part of the urinary system. Unlike lower urinary infections, upper urinary infections can also be caused by contaminated blood flowing through the kidneys. If left untreated, abscesses can form in the adrenal medulla and cortex. Back or flank pain and costovertebral tenderness are symptoms that are more unique to the upper urinary infection and can help differentiate along with diagnostic testing. Fibrosis formation in the tubules can form after the initial infection (Huether & McCance, 2017).

            Females are far more likely to suffer from urinary tract infections because of the shorter urethra and closer proximity to the rectum (Huether & McCance, 2017). Age is also a factor, as immobility, dehydration, and urinary incontinence increase the risk of developing UTIs. A UTI in an older adult can have different symptoms and manifestations, such as delirium, hallucinations, sudden decrease in mobility, and subsequent falls. These symptoms can be dangerous and may cause significant injury (Armstrong, 2015).

            Along with antibiotics, urinary analgesics can help with the discomfort associated with urinary tract infections. Urised is a common urinary analgesic that is prescribed which often has anticholinergic side effects. Patients should be educated on the chance for urinary and/or bowel retention and when to seek treatment (Arcangelo, Peterson, Wilbur, & Reinhold, 2017). Encouraging fluid and fiber intake may help offset these side effects.

References

Arcangelo, V. P., Peterson, A. M., Wilbur, V. &  Reinhold, J. A.  (Eds.). (2017). Pharmacotherapeutics  for advanced practice: A practical approach (4th ed.). Ambler, PA:  Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Armstrong, K. (2015). Diagnosing and treating urinary tract infections in older people. British Journal of Community Nursing, 20(5), 226-230. doi:10.12968/bjcn.2015.20.5.226

Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding  pathophysiology (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

Comment 1

Good discussions on the smoking correlation discussion, Danielle.

OK, now just to brush up the kinds of correlation we have considered in this statistics course, consider this advertised case study:

A recent study of recently deceased people (population = 100) determined a strong positive correlation; the correlation established was between the age of the death of the deceased, and the length of the longest line on his or her palm. 

From the abovementioned correlation, would you say that this provides support for a claim that a longer palm line necessarily predicts a longer life?

Anyone?

Comment 2

Good examples! Frankly, in many ways, some of the statistics I see thrown out there boggles my mind. 

Case in point: it actually amazes me how, for instance, drug companies are able to find safe haven with this much of misleading information.  I have always been curious to see if researchers ever challenge them in order to validate when they’ve generated the data. They should if they have concerns for the well-being and general health of the public. In fact, I think some stepping-in should come from the government as well.

In this context, I know the FDA plays a great part; however, I also feel that the advertisements provided should be as accurate as possible. Usually, they’re only looking for monetary gain. 

What do you think? 

Topic 1

In your view, is access to healthcare a basic right? Why or why not? Should any basic healthcare services be provided to all US citizens? What about to US residents who are not citizens? Who should pay for basic healthcare services? Be prepared to defend your opinions.

 Citations should conform to APA guidelines. 

1-I like that you included in your ideal community is where “everyone is mentally healthy.” I think getting rid of the stigma around mental illnesses is the first step towards this ideal. Many people who suffer from mental illness refrain from seeking professional help because of negative stereotypes/labels. I personally didn’t want to talk to a therapist or tell people that I was depressed because I felt that it would my family and friends would gossip about me. 

2-You are correct in educating for smoking.  There should be education that focuses on our next generation such as alcoholism, illegal drug use, prescription drug misuse, and teenage pregnancy.  It would be ideal to have an area for children to go after school if their parents are working, like afterschool programs, or YMCA.  Implementing highschoolers in a work program would be beneficial as well.  This would teach children about finances, work ethics, and responsibility. 

3-Hey Nikki, as I was reading your post, the second sentence of your first paragraph got me confused, I quote, “I think about a community where poverty is non-existent.” Can you please elaborate? Do you mean they all have to be rich, or even if the healthcare is expensive, they should or must be able to pay for it? I just need more explanations. 

4- i agree that nurses have a hard time with cultural diversity. Nurses take care of a vast number of patient from differernt cultural background. Sometimes, they may have communication barrier with patients whose English is a second language. In order to overcome this problem, interpreters can be used an interpreting machine can be used. Nurses also have to respect others cultures, and try as much as possible to accomodate the patients with siffernt cultures.

 5-Prevention of diseases through simple public education and certain lifestyle changes can definitely bring about better outcomes. 

6-My workplace offers walks with the docs to promote healthy lifestyles and free screenings that set up near every department to make it easy for everyone to attend during work hours and our charge nurses push us into going.  They involve blood glucose screenings, bmi, and cholesterol levels that pay out at the end of the year and if we do all screenings according to age and risks we can receive up to $150 in a gift card.  There is also another program that they take you freshly grown vegetables for $30 every 2 weeks that is payroll deduct and they hand deliver them to you to promote more healthy eating.  I recently was made aware that they also have exercise classes available on certain days that are free to employees which I think is a great incentive given that sometimes nurses do not have the time to go to a gym or a class that is distant from their home or workplace.  It gives them more motivation to keep an active lifestyle knowing there is a free and closer to workplace exercise class.