look at probability in terms of both the real world and the medical community.

1. Survey 30 people to find out if they are left-handed or right-handed, and use the following chart to create a contingency table with the information.

Left handed Right handed Total Female Male Total

1. Answer the following questions about the information in your contingency table: 
   1. If a person is randomly selected from the survey participants, what is the probability that the person will be left-handed?
   2. If you randomly choose a female from the people you surveyed, what is the probability that she is left-handed?
   3. What is the odds ratio of choosing a left-handed female?
   4. What is the relative risk of choosing a left-handed female?

Example:

                                                             green                  blue                            total

 cats                                                    40(A)                 20(B)                         60(A+B)

dogs                                                    30(C)                 40(D)                         70(C+D)

total                                                   70(A+C)            60(B+D)                 130(A+B+C+D)

1. Probability of Green – (A+C)/(A+B+C+D): 70/130 = 0.54
2. Probability of Green Cat – A/(A+B): 40/60 = 0.67
3. Odds Ratio of Green Cat – (A/B)/(C/D) or AD/BC: (4040)/(2030) = 1600/600 = 2.67
4. Relative Risk of Green Cat – [A/(A+C)]/[B/(B+D)]: (40/70)/(20/60) = 1.71

Answer the following question: How do the probabilities and percentages for your study compare to those in the study you read? 

Read the below study as follows:

If you’re a lefty, you’re not alone. 

Are you right-minded? If so, you are most likely one of the 10 percent to 13 percent of the world population that is lefthanded. Lefties are controlled by the right side of their brains, and so lefties are sometimes said to be the only people in their right minds! 

Change-by Force 

This wasn’t the story several decades ago. Left-handedness was considered by many to be a disorder-a problem that needed to be fixed. The Latin name for left-handed was “sinister,” and the connotations of the word seemed to bleed over to the people themselves. 

Left-handed students were coerced, sometimes rather forcefully, to pick up a pencil with the other hand and “overcome” their preference. “This resulted in all kinds of problems from bed-wetting to stuttering,” says Dr. Sharlene McEvoy of Fairfield University in Connecticut, founder of The Sinistralian, a newsletter devoted to lefties. This practice has, in fact, strongly influenced some of the studies that are still being published today. 

One of the biggest myths of left-handedness is that lefties die younger. But that just isn’t so. 

“The study that stated that was based on faulty data,” says Dr. McEvoy. “The researcher studied the elderly and found few left-handers, so he surmised that it was because they had died. “However,” she continues, “it was actually due to the fact that most of the seniors weren’t allowed to be lefthanded as kids.” 

Dr. Clare Porac, professor of psychology at Penn State Erie and researcher on lateral preference, agrees. “According to current research, many of the 80-year-olds interviewed were forced to change their hand preferences as children.” Fortunately, that has changed. 

Myth vs. Reality 

The line between what is fact and what is fiction about left-handedness is a thin one. What one researcher believes, another refutes. “The brain is too complex an organ for us to truly understand,” says Dr. McEvoy. “Research just isn’t that advanced.” Some studies, for instance, state that lefties are more prone to accidents and injuries at work because of having to deal with tools and other machines designed for right-handers. Dr. McEvoy says, “True. Left handers are more prone to injuries like carpal tunnel syndrome.” 

Dr. Porac says, “No, there has been no higher incidence of work injuries in left-handers.” Some studies say lefthanders are more creative and intelligent. “Not true,” says Dr. Porac. 

“Debatable,” says Dr. McEvoy. “For instance, lefthanders make up approximately 10 percent of the overall population, yet 20 percent to 25 percent of law students are left-handed-and so are 15 to 20 percent of the autistic population. What does that prove?” 

What are the facts about being left-handed? “The fact,” says Dr. Porac, “is that lefthanders are pretty much just like right-handers. One of the only differences,” she continues, “is that left-handers are more variable in their hand use and brain organization. Righthanders are very strongly one sided, while left-handers are more flexible,” she continues. “In other words, left-handers can use their right hands better than right-handers can use their left hands.” 

According to other research, lefties are also more prone to smoke cigarettes and drink alcohol. “This is due,” says Dr. McEvoy, “to the tensions of having to adapt to life in a right-handed world.” Both doctors agree that there are some definite links between left-handedness and autoimmune disorders such as asthma, diabetes, lupus, and multiple sclerosis. Why, however, remains a mystery to both. 

Assessing the Cause 

Just like the traits of lefties are up for debate, so is the original cause of left-handedness. Theories range from people having a left-handed gene to prenatal damage to birth defects, but the research doesn’t prove any of them. “We are simply born disposed one way or another,” says Dr. McEvoy. Genetics obviously plays a large role, though. Your chance of being lefthanded is one in 10 if both of your parents are right-handed, two in 10 if one parent is lefthanded, and three to four out of 10 if both parents are lefties. 

Surprisingly, hand preference is not just limited to humans, either. According to Dr. McEvoy, most animals also show a preference in claw and paw. Even elephants have one tusk that they will present and use over another! 

Being left-handed is certainly not the problem or disorder that it was once thought to be. In fact, if you decide to go to Juniata College in Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, it can even earn you a scholarship! The Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Beckley Scholarship was established by two student lefties who met and married at the college way back in 1924. In their wills, they set aside substantial money for any Juniata student who shows financial need, academic success-and writes with his or her left hand! + 

 

MAKE A DECISION: Which area is most important for the parents to address to promote the child’s adjustment?

1. Conflict reduction
2. Parenting time changes
3. Mitigate SES

Why? Give reasons for why you assessed what the parents should address as you did. Consider the following factors in your reasons:

• Parent conflict
• Parenting time
• Socioeconomic status

Please see the attachments.  

Melissa Hinkhouse

The opioid crisis is a public health crisis that has been increasing and devastating lives for many years. Working as a Mental Health Registered Nurse I have seen many patients battle with addiction for one reason or another. Pharmacy companies told providers that pain relievers were not addictive, prescribers then prescribed them thinking they were safe and helping patients with pain. It was a sad when we learned, these medications had devastating consequences. I currently work both inpatient and outpatient and many of the life challenges don’t just end with the actual addiction.

According to The White House’s web page president trump declared the opioid crisis a public health emergency in October 2017. President Trumps plan is as follows: “Part 1 is reducing demand and over-prescription, including educating Americans about the dangers of opioid misuse. Part 2 is cutting down on the supply of illicit drugs by cracking down on the international and domestic drug supply chains that devastate American communities. Part 3 is helping those struggling with addiction through evidence-based treatment and recovery support services (The White House). I work for a Grant part time called RCORP, we have been assessing the needs of the Western Upper Peninsula for Opioid addiction services availability. We just completed phase one, the need’s assessment. This grant is funding by an organization. I mention this because though some of the prescribing laws have changed, why is a private organization having to fund this grant I work for. Why is the government not assisting in analyzation of rural access to treatment for opioid addiction treatment? I feel as though that is something Trump could assist in implanting. In the UP we have very few inpatient treatment facilities. We have two mental health inpatient facilities for short term hospitalizations. The shortage and access to care is simply not enough.

            President Obama initiated the grant program for at HHS for Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) which began in 2015 with 11 states receiving a total of $12 million. More states were added in fiscal 2016 and 2017; the 2017 pot is $26 million, and five new states will be added (Barlas, 2017). At the very end of President Obama’s tenure in 2016, Congress passed the 21st Century Cures Act, which allocated $1 billion over two years to enhance states’ response to the epidemic. The Cures Act set up a new grant program within the HHS called the State Targeted Response (STR) to the Opioid Crisis Grants. A little less than $500 million in new money in both fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2018, over and above $53 million in opioid grants from HHS in fiscal 2016, will be distributed to all states and territories based on the degree of their opioid addiction problem. The grants will provide support to states for increasing access to treatment, reducing unmet treatment need, and reducing opioid-related overdose deaths (Barlas,2017). I would have made it mandatory that all MAT patient must also see a LMSW for counseling on a regular basis to receive services. I am a firm believer that cognitive therapy assists the MAT process for better outcomes.

            During Presidents Bush’s term prescription drug abuse was still a concern, with Oxycontin being the primary medication of choice. The drug epidemic was more adolescent focused. President Bush issued The National Drug Control Strategy in 2006, the goal of the strategy is to reduce drug us. His plan had three chapters, each build on the previous: “The first chapter, Stopping Drug Use Before It Starts, outlines the Administration’s work to prevent the initia­tion of drug use. The second chapter, Healing America’s Drug Users, high­lights initiatives that treat drug users. The third chapter, Disrupting Drug Markets, outlines the Administration’s work at home and abroad to disrupt the availability of illicit drugs, through source country efforts, interdiction programs, and investigative operations. (The White House, 2006). Bush’s plan focused on the largest city, I understands funds are limited and large cities are often the gateway but being from a rural community I feel as though the drug issues we have are high. I would have asked he have small task forces for rural communities that branch of from his large city plan.

            The opioid crisis did not occur overnight; it will not be corrected overnight. But with excellent leadership, we can improve access to care and beginning offering people the services they need when they are ready to utilize them.  

References:

Barlas, S. (2017, September). U.S. and States Ramp Up Response to Opioid Crisis: Regulatory, Legislative, and Legal Tools Brought to Bear. P & T: a peer-reviewed journal for formulary management. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5565130/.

The United States Government. Ending America’s Opioid Crisis. The White House. https://www.whitehouse.gov/opioids/.

The White House (2006). Office of National Drug Control PolicyWashington,D.C.20503National Drug Control Strategy. Retrieved June 1, 2020, 2006, from: https://www.justice.gov/archive/olp/pdf/ndcs06.pdf.

Cindy Salbino RE: Discussion – Week 1

Discussion Board Post Wk1  

Cindy Salbino

   I come from an area in California that has a high drug addiction rate. We see patients come in on a nightly basis that are struggling with an addiction to some form of drug. Some are street drugs and some are prescription medication. It’s clear that there is a never ending battle with opioids in our country.

            George W. Bush announced on February 12, 2002 that his plan was to reduce the limitations of the supply of drug, by reducing the demand available to addicts and provide them with drug treatments that are compassionate and effective. Both of these steps are to be handled together and funded with a submitted budget to Congress of $19 billion to fight the war on drugs.  He then started an organization called Parents Drug Corps and called on parents across the nation to do their job by being responsible, tell their children they are loved and of course, not to do drugs (U.S. Dept. of State Archives, 2002).  I absolutely agree with this strategy.  The fight starts at home. If our children had the family structure that it was intended to be, our country wouldn’t be faced with the incredible situation we are in now. George W. Bush is a God fearing man who has strong family ties and he absolutely believed the solution starts at home.

            When Barack Obama came along, opioid addiction was a national emergency already and despite the security of a solid funding plan, he enacted the Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act of 2016.  This act increased naloxone’s availability, set up a medication prescription monitoring and tracking drug diversion program and also helped with teens and adults prevention and education needs (Arlotta, CJ, 2016,para 4).  The bill often referred to as CARA, didn’t hold well with groups such as the Coalition to Stop Opioid Overdose, because regarding funding, they believed that the bill didn’t go far enough.  It authorized $181 million in funding, yet Obama asked for more than $1 billion in funding (Arlotta, CJ, 2016, para 6). I personally think that while he may have had good intentions, it was a ‘too little, too late’ effort on his part. While I may have that opinion, I don’t know what I would have done differently since I do not have the skill set or the advisors that a president has access too. He may have done what he thought was the best move with the information he had available to him. Unfortunately for him, “the worst of the epidemic happened on his watch, with deaths rising 71% a year from 2013-2017 when it claimed 130 lives each day” (Dinan, S., 2019).

Donald Trump became president in 2017 and immediately began his initiative on drugs. His administration secured new funding in the amount of $6 billion over the next two years in order to fight drug abuse from opioids. It will also diminish or end the flow of drugs across the borders and within our own communities. His plan to increase education and awareness will reduce the drug demand with the help of more education. With the help of evidence-based treatments, and greater opportunities, the plan intends to save lives negatively affected by opioid addiction (President Bush announces drug control strategy, 2018)   Alex Azar, the secretary of the US Department of Health and Human Services was quoted saying “Thanks to President Trump’s leadership and the hard work of so many Americans in local communities, Our country is seeing the first drop in overdose deaths in more than two decades, and lives are being saved” (HHS.gov, 2019). I agree with President Trump’s aggressive action against drug abuse. If you work your way slowly, it will have no effect. However if you obtain your target and go for it, you will have a better success rate at knocking out your objective.

 Everyone knows that this isn’t a quick fix and will take years and even decades before we can say we have won the war on drug abuse. I believe that everything the past presidency’s have done, have done them with the Americans at heart and every bit plays a part in our future success against drugs.

References:

President Bush announces drug control strategy (February 12, 2002).  U.S. Department of State Archive. Retrieved from https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/inl/rls/rm/8451.htm

Arlotta, CJ (2016, July 23). Obama signs opioid legislation, despite funding concerns. Forbes magazine. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/djarlotta/2016/07/23/Obama-signs-opioid=legislation-despite-funding-concerns/#3e7e5cae6806

Dinan, S. (2019, October). Washington Times.  Retrieved from https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/oct/1/Obama-administration-bungled-opioid-crisis-respons/

President Donald J. Trump’s initiative to stop opioid abuse and reduce drug supply and demand (2018). Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gove/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-initiative-stop-opioid-abuse-reduce-drug-supply-deman-2/

Trump administration announces $1.8 billion in funding to states to continue combating opioid crisis (2019, September 11). HHS.gov. Retrieved from https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2019/09/04/trump-administration-annunces-1-8-billion-funding-states-combating-opioid.html

  

Discussion: The Application of Data to Problem-Solving

In the modern era, there are few professions that do not to some extent rely on data. Stockbrokers rely on market data to advise clients on financial matters. Meteorologists rely on weather data to forecast weather conditions, while realtors rely on data to advise on the purchase and sale of property. In these and other cases, data not only helps solve problems, but adds to the practitioner’s and the discipline’s body of knowledge.

Of course, the nursing profession also relies heavily on data. The field of nursing informatics aims to make sure nurses have access to the appropriate date to solve healthcare problems, make decisions in the interest of patients, and add to knowledge.

In this Discussion, you will consider a scenario that would benefit from access to data and how such access could facilitate both problem-solving and knowledge formation.

To Prepare:

· Reflect on the concepts of informatics and knowledge work as presented in the Resources.

· Consider a hypothetical scenario based on your own healthcare practice or organization that would require or benefit from the access/collection and application of data. Your scenario may involve a patient, staff, or management problem or gap.

By Day 3 of Week 1

Post a description of the focus of your scenario. Describe the data that could be used and how the data might be collected and accessed. What knowledge might be derived from that data? How would a nurse leader use clinical reasoning and judgment in the formation of knowledge from this experience?

Rubrics

Ø Answers all parts of the discussion question(s) expectations with reflective critical analysis and synthesis of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module and current credible sources.

Ø Supported by at least three current, credible sources.

Ø Written clearly and concisely with no grammatical or spelling errors and fully adheres to current APA manual writing rules and style.