Psychology Assignment Custom Writng

7610 | 2025 Custom Writing

Answer to the next discussions and include a question. (100 words)POST 1-  Cailin Abrahams Cailin Abrahams’ Discussion Answer to u05d1COLLAPSEDetermine which one is preferential for responding to questions about a test’s fairness.Identify at least two advantages and two disadvantages in using each theory, citing appropriate American Educational Research Association (AERA) standards from your readings.Defend your preference in terms of the methods used within each theory and how they apply to concepts of fairness across groups. Essentially, how does it best address test fairness?Describe how advances in technology are improving the process of test development and inclusion of appropriate items.Cohen and Swerklik (2017) define fairness in terms of psychometric properties as the “extent to which a test is used in an impartial, just, and equitable way” (pp. 197). When applying this definition of fairness to the classical test score theory (CTT) and the item response theory (IRT) one theory seems more fair than the other. IRT seems more fair in determining cut scores because it accounts for the difference in functioning of different items across groups of people and their relationship with the construct (AERA, 2014). This idea of differential item functioning (DIF) is a major advantage of IRT in terms of the test’s fairness. Another advantage of IRT is that because the emphasis is put on equating scores through differing sets of items the tests can be shorter and more reliable (Embretson, 2004).The item mapping method and the bookmark method are both methods of developing a cut score in which expert judges determine at what level of difficulty would someone need to be proficient at to deem them competent in their understanding of a construct (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2017). The subjectivity of IRT revolves around this level of difficulty and not how someone would respond to the items on the test. IRT does have some disadvantages that are present in their possible floor and ceiling effects and how to train the experts (Cohen & Swerklik, 2017). IRT is a new method of determining cut scores and shows much promise but there are still many tests that utilize CTT.The CTT method is popular due to its statistical applications and option of smaller sample sizes in determining the appropriate cut scores. The fixed cut scores derived from Angoff and Known Group method are based on the performance on all items on the test. A group of experts decide at what score a person would “pass” or be considering obtaining a certain trait of attribute. The subjectivity of how someone should answer these items leads to the disadvantage of low inter-rater reliability and how different populations should respond to these test items (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2017). There are also issues with small sample sizes due to constituting the range of the trait being measured within the sample size, for example, how anxious does a person have to be in order to be diagnosed with high anxiety and how do different populations affect that range. Overall, CTT can be a useful method of determining cut scores but there are disadvantages that account for its low reliability and therefore should be used cautiously.POST 2- Karissa Williams Unit 5 Discussion 1COLLAPSEIn the text, Cohen and Swerdlik (2018) specified that it is not the test that is not fair, but how it is used to make the information unfair. The Item Response Theory (IRT) was the test model I felt would be most preferential for responding to questions about fairness. For this, this seems to be the best because it does not discriminate against individuals with different characteristics and is meant to include two different responses so as not to be confusing-true-false, correct-incorrect, or yes-no. Item difficulty makes sense because in its context, it is fairly clear how challenging the item in question is: discrimination on items is a little more complicated.Item discrimination is a measure between high-scoring participants and low-scoring people, with a typical distribution illuminating about 27% of upper and lower scores, and all about discrimination between high-scoring participants and low scoring participants. In other words, it is supposed to filter out who really understands their material, so a score here that is too low means it was incorrect for high scoring participants and that means an issue with the object. When things are too basic, balance is important, which is an obvious problem for measuring skills. However, if items fall short on the scale of item discrimination, that is a little less apparent and still a concern.They will confuse the test taker if questions are not well formulated and test results will not reliably show successful knowledge of the subject matter. IRT has a few benefits, but what makes it an amazing advantage is undoubtedly the way they structured the test by using just two responses. It can be so confusing to have four or more different answers to choose from when taking a test, particularly when those answers are like other answers and it becomes confusing as to which one would be most suitable to choose. There is a probability of making a measurement error with respect to the Classical Test Theory (CTT), which is a significant drawback of the test (Cohen & Swedlik, 2018). We are continually developing the technologies around us as the years go by. We are enhancing test production by improving technology. Tests have really evolved in recent decades and will continue to do so as long as technology progresses.References:Cohen, R. J. & Swerdlik M., E. (2018). Psychological Testing and Assessment: An Introduction to Tests and Measurements (9th Edition). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.PSY7708POST 1-3 hours agoKimberlee Johnston unit 5 dicussionCOLLAPSEPositive and negative reinforcement are two types of reinforcement used to strengthen a behavior in future events (Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2020). In the analysis of behavior, positive means to add something and negative means to take something away. Both types of reinforcement increase future behaviors.Negative reinforcement is often misunderstood as a punishment or aversive reinforcement. In the science of behavior analysis, negative reinforcement is defined as the removal of a stimulus (usually something aversive) after the occurrence of a behavior which increases the likelihood that that behavior will occur again in future events (Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2020).This misconception probably exists because the term negative. Humans are conditioned to automatically assume that negative equals aversive or bad. It most cases this is true. In the science of ABA, however, negative just means to take away something.Three-Term Contingency Format: Negative ReinforcementAustin completed all his chores on Monday without being asked. His parents said that since he did them without being asked, he could skip his Tuesday chores.Tammy dislikes having dirty hands. Tammy and her friends made mud pies with their hands. She took a shower and all the mud washed away. The mud washing away serves as a negative reinforcement.These are examples of negative reinforcement because the desired behavior is being reinforced by taking away an aversive activity/item. The desired behavior is likely to increase in future events.Three-Term Contingency Format: Positive ReinforcementBrianna sat on the toilet. Brianna urinated in the toilet. Brianna was given chocolate milk for using the toilet.James ate his Brussel sprouts at dinner. James was given a giant slice of cheesecake for eating his Brussel sprouts. Now James eats all his veggies and receives edibles as a reinforcement.Steve does all his chores each week. At the end of the week his mother buys him a $10 Fortnite game card.These are examples of positive reinforcement because a stimulus was added to increase the probability of the desired behavior occurring in the future.POST 2-14 hours agoCassita Cain Unit 5 DiscussionCOLLAPSEThe common misconception of the term negative reinforcement is that it is used as a form of punishment. The science of behavior analysis says that it is used to remove an aversive stimulus. In my opinion the misconceptions because of the term negative and how our natural environments and teachings throughout our lives. The key part for behavior analysis is the word reinforcement. Simply put, reinforcement seeks to increase a wanted behavior and the term negative is used in a since of taking away the “trigger” for behavior.One example of negative reinforcement is when I had the habit of misplacing my keys whenever I came home. The behavior that I wanted to remove was not placing my keys in a place where I would know where they were. The antecedent in this situation is using my key to open the door to get in the house. The behavior was placing them different places throughout the house. The consequence was that I would not know where to find them the next morning. Therefore, making me aggravated, late, and off schedule for the morning. The correction was adding a key holder at the door and placing the keys on the holder when entering the house.Another example of negative reinforcement is when a child has the behavior of hitting to get a desired item. The antecedent is the desire to receive item. The behavior you want to remove is the hitting. The negative reinforcement is not receiving the item. The final example of negative reinforcement is removing the behavior of being late for work. The negative reinforcement would be docking the employees time for being late and a decrease in the pay. Due to negative reinforcement the employee now reports to work on time.An example of positive reinforcement is increasing the behavior of my dog going to the door to indicate when he has to use the restroom. The antecedent would be him going to the door and sitting. The behavior would be him using the restroom outside. The positive reinforcement or consequences would be him receiving a award for therefore increasing the behavior. Another example of positive reinforcement is wanting to increase the number of times client or programs a client completes each session. By adding a token board and giving praise when he completes a task followed by a reward we can increase the behavior of completing requested task. The antecedent would the prompt, the behavior would be the client performing the task. The consequence would be receiving a token and completing his token board. The positive reinforcement in this situation is receiving the reward for completing the token board. The final example of positive reinforecement is adding the behavior of a child using the bathroom on the potty. The antecenent stimulus would be the urge to go to the restroom. The behavior would be using the potty. The consequence and positive reinforcement would be the child receiving praise or reward for going to the bathroom.Cassita Cain Masters of Psychology/ABAReferences:References:Cooper, J.O., Heron, T.E., & Heward, W.L. (2020). Applied behavioral analysis (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: PearsonMiltenberger, R. G. (2016). Behavior modification: Principles and procedures (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

 

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Psychology Assignment Custom Writng

Assignment: Presenting Your Strategic Plan | 2025 Custom Writing

As a professional, you will be called upon to present information for decision making. Based on your Capstone Project, prepare 5–6 PowerPoint slides (not including your title or reference page) that you would use to present the strategic plan you developed for your Capstone Project. You are encouraged to use pictures when appropriate. You should either record and embed audio of you presenting (no longer than 5 minutes) or provide text in the notes section of the PowerPoint.The Assignment (5–6 slides):Develop a short presentation of your strategic plan from your Capstone Project.Include no more than 5 minutes of audio or text in the notes section of your PowerPoint.

 

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Psychology Assignment Custom Writng

Discussion post psy | 2025 Custom Writing

approximately 1 page discussion post. Your own thoughts. Don’t use outside sourcea. Be simple and straightforward to the poin.DUE after 8 hours. if Okay send message saying“I can deliver the answer after 8 hour” to get my reply. Thank you.

 

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Psychology Assignment Custom Writng

Kanye West PPT personality | 2025 Custom Writing

Objective: Explain theoretical concepts using behavioral examples drawn from popular films and the media.Description: Each group will select a celebrity (celebrities) or fictional character(s) from a movie/TV show, etc., and discuss this individual’s significant life events and milestones as you see it relates to their personality development. You may select one person as a group to address all the points outlined below or select a few individuals to analyze individually while addressing them with the same theories the group selects. Your presentation should be 12-15 slides in length (this does notinclude your title slide and reference slide. Be sure to include correctly formatted APA citations.Your presentation should include the following:Clear identification of the two (2) personality development theories you have selected.Discussion of strengths/limitation of the theories.Discussion of how the theories apply to your selected individual(s)?Images to support your points.Evaluation of cultural influences on personality development of your celebrity (celebrities).A minimum of two (2) educational/peer reviewed sources from the library from each group members. These should be journal articles from psychology journals related to course topics. You can find access to FREE ones via the FIU library.Speaker notes to add details to your slides. Slides should only contain the main points.Your name clearly labeled on your slides. EACH individual group member is responsible for submitting the finalized project via their GROUP project link in Canvas.Formatting Reminder: You are expected to format your presentation according to APA formatting guidelines. Please see the APA resources folder in our classroom for additional resources and tools for help in preparing your paper. Be sure to cite your sources accordingly, to avoid plagiarism in your formal written assignments.

 

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Psychology Assignment Custom Writng

brainy Brian | 2025 Custom Writing

1.Incompetence to stand trial means that an individual has an intellectual or psychological impairment that prevents them from being fully present in the courtroom, but it is not limited to only this. Adjudicative incompetence can also refer to the defendant lacking knowledge of the courtroom and their own right’s as an individual. The only defendants that are able to stand trial show a good understanding of rational thinking and can confidently communicate with their lawyer. An incompetent person is not allowed to stand trial in order to protect the rights of the individual and to keep peace and fairness in the courtroom, as it actually violates the U.S. Constitution to do so.The insanity defense can be defined as a person who has or had no control over their behavior and mental processes during the time of the incident. It is thought that this type of individual is driven by compulsion and irrational thinking and is the basis for the insanity standards. According to the M’Naghten Rule, it is a essentially a test between right and wrong for the defendant. It evaluates whether a person was consciously aware of the illegal act or knowing morally right from wrong at the time. The Brawner Rule states that the individual’s mental disease is the primary reason for the illegal act, as it first affects mental processes, and then the inability to control their behavior. Unfortunately until 1972, several cases ended up with the defendants being placed in psychiatric institutions for a long amount of time until they could be evaluated again to get out. If they were not found to have made nay improvements, they were often sent back to a psychiatric hospital for an indefinite amount of time. The patients were often treated very poorly which in turn caused them to suffer more mental health issues. Jackson vs. Indiana helped shine light on how no progress was being made with this type of confinement and proved that it violated the U.S Constitution. Today, more community based approaches to mental health that make a safe environment for patients are implemented into psychiatric programs an rehabilitation centers today.2.The standards of “incompetent to stand trial”, also known as Adjudicative Competence, is not solely limited to a persons mental capabilities, it also asks what was emotional state during the time of the crime. Several factors are dependent upon their competency such  as the understanding of court procedures and whether or not they are able to process all presented information to them by the judge and/or an attorney. They should also be able to “intellectually” distinguish the roles of each participating  party in a court room including their rights as a defendant.The U.S Supreme Court ruled that a person must be able to not only receive information, but also be able to comprehend the information set before them, otherwise it is a violation of their rights, which violates of the Constitution. Furthermore leading to the question, should a person who is diagnosed by a professional and labeled with having a mental disorder stand trial, and if so, are they competent enough to know the severities of their crime and be charged for it? In these types of trials it is the judges decision to decide whether someone is incompetent or not.  Once the judge rules incompetent, the diagnosed individual is then institutionalized until they are restored which usually takes up to three months.  It used to be that a defendant would be committed in an maximum security institution for several months where they would undergo an psychiatric evaluation. Following that procedure, if the court still found them incompetent, they would be sent to a mental hospital indefinitely. However, later on the Supreme Court ruled the standard unconstitutional because it was not clear how prescription drugs could help restore competence in a individual who was already mentally ill. Courts had to consider ramifications of defendants taking prescription drugs against their will, especially for crimes that did not involve violence (case of Sell vs. the United States Supreme Court.)  However, courts showed less understanding to omitting the prescription drugs in cases where violence was involved.Mental illness obstructs a persons ability to think rationally, it also affects the capacity in which they maneuver through life, and how they respond to different situations.  The 4 DMI (Domestic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) a person can be classified as are; the schizophrenia spectrum, bipolar disorder, major depression (all highly used to plead cases of insanity) and APD.  The Insanity Standard of Rules focus on a persons psychological health. Logic and ration of a persons mentality is considered when determining the reasoning for criminal acts committed, evidence presented in court and whether a defendant should be held accountable for their actions.The rules as follows,The M’Naghten (right or wrong) rule states that if a person who suffers a mental disease did not know right from wrong at the time and did not know that what they were doing was wrong, will not be held accountable for their actions. The Brawner Rule States a person would not be held accountable for their actions if the crime was a result of a mental disease and it influenced their mental and emotional state of mind, also if their mental disease hindered their ability to control themselves. The Durham Rule states if a person has a mental disease, they simply can not be held responsible for their crime.The judicial system considers these three insanity standard rules when deciding if a defendant is in fact a candidate for pleading insanity during a criminal case.  The rules are widely based on if a persons mental processing allowed them to think rationally about what they were doing and if they were in control of their behavior at the time.  If it can be proven then that person would then be exempt from the responsibility of their actions or partially held accountable. Because some jurisdictions do not agree on all three standards, in the case (Clark vs Atlanta), the U.S Supreme Court allotted each judicial system the opportunity to follow their own insanity standards in which they believed in, whether they recognized one or all three.

 

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