Quantitative and qualitative techniques are the main approaches used to evaluate evidence in nursing research (Liddle, Williamson & Irwig, 2016). Quantitative technique entails assessment of data and comparison of various measures used in the research study. Metrics applied in quantitative method of evidence evaluation include standard deviation, mean or average, as well as other statistical parameters. In addition, quantitative criteria is a measurable formal tool used for predicting, and ensures objectivity of both the results and applied variables.

Conceptual framework in respect to qualitative methods of evaluating evidence involve assessment of the process, meanings, experiences, and perceptions that study subjects including patients with reference to a particular variable under evaluation (Jake-Schoffman, Silfee, Waring, Boudreaux, Sadasivam, Mullen & Pagoto, 2017). However, qualitative approach is not used in measurable parameters. Nevertheless, in order to analyze the relevance of evidence, interpretation we use of emphatic comprehensions. The above implies that the findings and variables relies on the context of research study.

References

Liddle J, Williamson, M, & Irwig, L. (2016). Method for evaluating research and guideline evidence. Sydney: NSW Health Department.

Jake-Schoffman, D. E., Silfee, V. J., Waring, M. E., Boudreaux, E. D., Sadasivam, R. S., Mullen, S. P. … & Pagoto, S. L. (2017). Methods for evaluating the content, usability, and efficacy of commercial mobile health apps. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 5(12), e190.

REPLY2

In conducting a research, the researcher often needs evidence from a variety of articles, journals, and/or other studies to direct, guide, and support his or her research. However, it is not every evidence that the researcher finds online, in journals, or in the library that can provide valuable evidence in research. In other words, evidence must be reliable and valid before it can be used in research, and must take the study’s methodology, as well as other important factors into consideration (East Carolina University Libraries, 2020).

Two different methods for evaluating evidence would include criteria pertaining to publication characteristics and criteria pertaining to study design and relevance to the study and variables of interest (Treadwell et al, 2011). Evaluating evidence through its publication characteristics involves determining the source or evidence is peer-reviewed or whether it is a practice-based publication that publishes expert opinions about a specific issue. Another publication characteristic that must be considered when evaluating research evidence is the year of publication. Evidence published not more than five years ago are considered more appropriate than older evidence. Lastly, language of publication should also be considered when evaluating research evidence because of translation problems. On the other hand, evaluating evidence through the study design and study relevance criteria involves determining the kinds of research methodology used in the evidence and the relevance of such evidence to your own study or in explaining your variables of interest, and the applicability of such evidence to nursing practice. The hierarchy of research designs and levels of scientific evidence suggests that Meta- Analysis Systematic Reviews and Randomized Controlled Trials provide a more reliable and valid evidence in nursing research (Bowen and Forrest, 2017).

                                                                                    References

Bowen, D. M., & Forrest, J. L. (2017). Translating Research for Evidence-Based Practice. Access, 10–14.

East Carolina University Libraries. (2020). Evidence-Based Practice for Nursing: Evaluating the Evidence. Available from: https://libguides.ecu.edu/c.php?g=17486&p=97640

Treadwell, J. R., Singh, S., Talati, R., McPheeters, M. L., Reston, J. T. (2011). A Framework for “Best Evidence” Approaches in Systematic Reviews [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2011 Jun. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56653/

  

Cardiovascular System

Alterations of the cardiovascular system can cause serious adverse events and may lead to death when not treated in a timely and safe manner. Unfortunately, many patients with cardiovascular disorders are unaware until complications appear. In clinical settings, patients often present with symptoms of several cardiovascular disorders, making it essential for you, as the advanced practice nurse, to be able to recognize these symptoms and recommend appropriate drug treatment options.

This week, you examine the impact of patient factors that may lead to changes in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes on patient drug therapy for cardiovascular disorders. You also explore ways to improve drug therapy plans for cardiovascular disorders based on patient factors and overall health needs.

Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2021). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice nurses and physician assistants (2nd ed.) St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.

· Chapter 33, “Review of Hemodynamics” (pp. 285–289)

· Chapter 37, “Diuretics” (pp. 290–296)

· Chapter 38, “Drugs Acting on the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System” (pp. 297–307)

· Chapter 39, “Calcium Channel Blockers” (pp. 308–312)

· Chapter 40, “Vasodilators” (pp. 313–317)

· Chapter 41, “Drugs for Hypertension” (pp. 316–324)

· Chapter 42, “Drugs for Heart Failure” (pp. 325–336)

· Chapter 43, “Antidysrhythmic Drugs” (pp. 337–348)

· Chapter 44, “Prophylaxis of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Drugs That Help Normalize Cholesterol and Triglyceride Levels” (pp. 349–363)

· Chapter 45, “Drugs for Angina Pectoris” (pp. 364–371)

· Chapter 46, “Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Drugs” (pp. 372–388)

Required Media (click to expand/reduce)

  

Assignment: Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disorders

…heart disease remains the No. 1 killer in America; nearly half of all Americans have high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or smoke—some of the leading risk factors for heart disease…

—Murphy et al., 2018

Despite the high mortality rates associated with cardiovascular disorders, improved treatment options do exist that can help address those risk factors that afflict the majority of the population today.  

Photo Credit: Getty Images/Science Photo Library RF

As an advanced practice nurse, it is your responsibility to recommend appropriate treatment options for patients with cardiovascular disorders. To ensure the safety and effectiveness of drug therapy, advanced practice nurses must consider aspects that might influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes such as medical history, other drugs currently prescribed, and individual patient factors.

Reference: Murphy, S. L., Xu, J., Kochanek, K. D., & Arias, E. (2018). Mortality in the United States, 2017. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db328.htm

To Prepare

• Review the Resources for this module and consider the impact of      potential pharmacotherapeutics for cardiovascular disorders introduced in      the media piece.
• Review the case study assigned by your Instructor for this      Assignment.
• Select one the following factors: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age,      or behavior factors.
• Reflect on how the factor you selected might influence the patient’s      pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes.
• Consider how changes in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic      processes might impact the patient’s recommended drug therapy.
• Think about how you might improve the patient’s drug therapy plan      based on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes. Reflect on      whether you would modify the current drug treatment or provide an      alternative treatment option for the patient

Write a 3-page paper that addresses the following:

• Explain how the factor you selected      might influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in the      patient from the case study you were assigned.
• Describe how changes in the      processes might impact the patient’s recommended drug therapy. Be specific      and provide examples.
• Explain how you might improve the patient’s      drug therapy plan and explain why you would make these recommended      improvements.

At least 3 citations. APA format 7th edition

 

1)  minimum 4 full pages ( No Bullets) No video

2)¨******APA norms

          All paragraphs must be narrative and cited in the text- each paragraphs

          Bulleted responses are not accepted

          Dont write in the first person 

          Dont copy and pase the questions.

          Answer the question objectively, do not make introductions to your answers, answer it when you start the paragraph

3)****************************** It will be verified by Turnitin (Identify the percentage of exact match of writing with any other resource on the internet and academic sources, including universities and data banks) 

********************************It will be verified by SafeAssign (Identify the percentage of similarity of writing with any other resource on the internet and academic sources, including universities and data banks)

4) Minimum 6 references per part not older than 5 years

5) Identify your answer with the numbers, according to the question. Start your answer on the same line, not the next

Example:

Q 1. Nursing is XXXXX

Q 2. Health is XXXX

Purpose:

The purpose of this assignment is to practice the skills you have learned and demonstrate your ability to assess the thorax, lungs, and cardiovascular system. 

For this assignment you will need to videotape yourself examining the thorax, lungs and cardiovascular system on a volunteer of your choosing. This should take you between 30-45 minutes. 

Gender: Male

Age: 40 years

  

Thorax:

1. Assess the patient’s for any signs of respiratory difficulty

2. Inspect the shape and movement of the chest

3. Asses for chest expansion

4. Palpate for tactile fremitus posteriorly

5. Percuss the posterior chest

6. Percuss for diaphragmatic excursion

7. Auscultate posterior breath sounds

8. Auscultate for egophony, bronchophony and pectoriloquy

9. Examine the anterior chest

10. Observe for any abnormalities (size, shape, bruising)

11. Auscultate for tactile fremitus anteriorly

12. Percuss the anterior chest

13. Auscultate anterior breath sounds

CV:

14. Assess JVP

15. Assess carotid pulses

16. Assess the brachial artery

17. Inspect and locate the PMI

18. Palpate for thrills/bruits

19. Auscultate heart sounds 

Points: 100 | Due Date: Week 7, Day 7 | CLO: 5 | Grade Category: Assignments

Assignment Prompt

This week’s first assignment is STEP 3 – Literature Review and Critical Appraisal.

The student will complete the following items and submit a Word doc to the assignment link. 

1. Provide a title that conveys or describes the assignment.
2. Literature Review – Provide the key terms used to guide the search for the evidence and provide at least five (5) summaries of research studies to support the evidence.
3. Critical Appraisal of Literature – Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the evidence, what is known from the evidence and any gaps in knowledge from the research evidence.
4. References – Cite a minimum of five scholarly references in APA 6th ed format.

Expectations

• Due: Monday, 11:59 pm PT
• Format: Completed paper with references in APA 7th ed. format
• File name: Save the file with Student First Name_Last Name_Part 3

See USU NUR Writing Assignment Rubric for additional details and point weighting.