Antimicrobial agents are essential components in the treatment of various bacterial infections as they help to kill or prevent the growth of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoans. Prior to the discovery of antimicrobial agents, treatment options for patients with bacterial infections were limited. For many patients, treatment often resulted in the amputation of limbs or even death. Today, treatment options for bacterial infections typically have a more positive prognosis. Due to the various types of infections presented in patients, it is essential to be able to identify the underlying cause of the infection—whether bacterial or viral—before recommending drug treatments. This will help you identify whether or not an antimicrobial agent would be appropriate and which specific agent would target the infection. In this Assignment, you consider the appropriate use of antimicrobial agents for infections.

To prepare:

• – Review this week’s media presentation      on principles of antimicrobial therapy, as well as Chapter 8 of the      Arcangelo and Peterson text.
• – Consider the categories of      antimicrobial agents.
• – Think about differences between viral      and bacterial infections.
• – Reflect on why proper identification      of the infection is key to selecting the proper antimicrobial agent.

POST a 2- to 3- page paper that addresses the following:

• – Describe the categories of      antimicrobial agents.
• – Describe differences between viral      and bacterial infections.
• – Explain why proper identification of      viral and bacterial infections is key to selecting the proper      antimicrobial agent.

This work should have Introduction and conclusion

– This work should have at 4 to 6 current references (Year 2012 and up)

– Use at least 3 references from class Learning Resources

The following Resources are not acceptable:

1. Wikipedia

2. Cdc.gov- nonhealthcare professionals section

3. Webmd.com

4. Mayoclinic.com

Required Readings

Arcangelo, V. P., Peterson, A. M., Wilbur, V., & Reinhold, J. A. (Eds.). (2017). Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice: A practical approach (4th ed.). Ambler, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

• Chapter 8, “Principles of      Antimicrobial Therapy” (pp. 111-134)
       This chapter covers factors that impact the selection of an antimicrobial      treatment regimen. It also examines the clinical uses, adverse events, and      drug interactions of various antimicrobial agents such as penicillin.
• Chapter 12, “Fungal Infections      of the Skin” (pp. 163-196)
       This chapter explores the pathophysiology of several fungal infections of      the skin as well as related drug treatments and examines the importance of      patient education when managing these infections.
• Chapter 14, “Bacterial      Infections of the Skin” (pp. 181-196)
       This chapter begins by examining causes of bacterial infections. It then      explores the importance of selecting an appropriate agent for treating      bacterial infections.
• Chapter 32, “Urinary Tract      Infection” (pp. 519-526)
       This chapter covers drugs used to treat urinary tract infections and      identifies special considerations when treating geriatric patients,      pediatric patients, and women.
• Chapter 35, “Sexually      Transmitted Infections” (pp. 512-535)
       This chapter outlines the causes, pathophysiology, and drug treatment of      six sexually transmitted infections, including gonorrhea, syphilis, and      human papilloma virus infection (HPV). It also examines the importance of      selecting the proper agent and monitoring patient response to treatment.
• Chapter 49, “Human Immunodeficiency Virus” (pp.      843-860)
       This chapter presents the causes, pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria,      and prevention methods for HIV. It also covers various methods of drug      treatment and patient factors to consider when selecting, administering,      and managing drug treatments.

Krummenacher, I., Cavassini, M., Bugnon, O., & Schneider, M. (2011). An interdisciplinary HIV-adherence program combining motivational interviewing and electronic antiretroviral drug monitoring. AIDS Care, 23(5), 550–561.

This article analyzes medication adherence in HIV patients and examines factors that increase adherence as well as factors that contribute to termination or discontinuation of treatment.

Drugs.com. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.drugs.com/

This website presents a comprehensive review of prescription and over-the-counter drugs including information on common uses and potential side effects. It also provides updates relating to new drugs on the market, support from health professionals, and a drug-drug interactions checker.

Scourfield, A., Waters, L., & Nelson, M. (2011). Drug combinations for HIV: What’s new? Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, 9(11), 1001–1011.

Note: Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

This article examines current therapies and strategies for treating HIV patients. It also examines factors that impact selection of therapy, including drug interactions, personalization of therapy, costs, management of comorbidities, and patient response.

Required Media

Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2012). Antimicrobials. Baltimore, MD: Author.

This media presentation outlines principles of antimicrobial therapy 

Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 7 minutes.

Mayer, K. H., & Krakower, D. (2012). Antiretroviral medication and HIV prevention: New steps forward and New Questions. Annals of Internal Medicine, 156(4), 312–314.

 

nstructions:

1. Read the Case Study 11-2: Go to the Hospital and Come Back with Four More Medications in Chapter 11 of the textbook. 
2. Once you have read the Case Study thoroughly, answer the following questions:
   1. What does the administration of antibiotics have to do with a Clostridium difficile (C. diff infection) infection?
   2. List all the inappropriate medications prescribed for K.L. and describe the reason why they are inappropriate.
   3. What kind of treatment regimen is utilized for a patient with a C. diff infection?
   4. Do any of these treatments regimens raise suspicion as being inappropriate for K.L.?
   5. List the therapy and if contraindicated, give a reason why it is inappropriate.  
3. Your paper should be:
   • One (1) page or more.
   • Use factual information from the textbook and/or appropriate articles and websites.
   • Cite your sources – type references according to the APA Style Guide.
4. Upload your file by clicking “Browse My Computer” for Attach File.
5. View rubric for grading. 

DUE 8/3 8 P.M EST

8 pages APA not including title and reference page

 Read instructions carefully break down each section and use subheadings

HIV/AIDS TOPIC

  

Proposal for a Community Health Intervention and Annotated Bibliography

For this Final Project, you develop a proposal for an intervention that addresses a public health problem identified in a particular community or one that is relevant to your own Public Health research and practice interests.

Project Instructions 

To complete this Final Project, you work with your instructor to identify a pressing Public Health issue relevant to your community and/or personal research and professional practice interests. 

The proposal can be for developing a program, an intervention or a research study.

The Project will be completed in a format consisting of the following components:

· A 8-page paper using APA format (not including title page or references) 

· A Table of Contents

· A Manuscript (components list follows) 

The manuscript section of your Final Project must include the following components:

Section I: Introduction (1 page)

In this section, you will include the following elements:

· A description of the health problem you identified

· A brief outline of the need for the community health intervention you are proposing

· Sources of data that you will use to provide a rationale for your intervention proposal

· A statement of the problem or purpose of your proposed intervention

Section II: Annotated Bibliography (3 pages) 

In this section, you will include the following elements:

· An Annotated Bibliography that includes the following: 

* Sources: Six to eight recent (less than 3 years old) primary, peer-reviewed research articles that support the topic of your paper. Beyond the minimum primary research articles that directly relate to your identified topic, you may add additional, high-quality secondary literature (reviews or meta-analyses). You may also use websites if they come from a scholarly and relevant source (e.g., CDC, NCHS). Your sources must follow APA formatting. 

o Annotation: For each research article, include a brief description of the study aim, the methods used, and an analysis of the major findings. For each nonresearch source, provide a concise description of the relevant key points addressed in the source. Include in the annotation a brief description of how you plan to use each source (e.g., to provide statistics for the problem).

Section III: Methodology (2 pages)

In this section, you will include the general goals of your intervention. In your Applied Project these goals will be revised as SMART objectives. In the present project, this section will include the following components:

· Your implementation plan consisting of the following elements: 

** A description of the data based on a needs assessment

1) An explanation of the proposed intervention based on your research, suggested data sources, and annotated bibliography 

2) A brief outline of the proposed intervention 

· A description of the evaluation methods 

· A brief explanation of the ethical issues inherent in the methodology

· A brief explanation of at least three key community stakeholders and why you selected them

Section IV: Conclusion (1 page)

This section will consist of the following components:

· An explanation of which of the 10 Essential Public Health Services (and/or the Certified Health Education Specialist [CHES] Areas of Responsibility) your proposed intervention will address, and why

· An explanation of how your proposed intervention relates to positive social change

Section V: References (1 page)

 

Quality Improvement Milestones

Throughout history, major events have influenced quality improvement efforts in health care. For example, the Institute of Medicine’s report To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System revealed statistics about errors in patient safety that result in thousands of deaths annually. Health care providers must be cognizant of the purpose and philosophy of quality improvement efforts as they lead the charge for improving health outcomes and patient safety. This Discussion is intended to help you understand how various developments have shaped contemporary perspectives and approaches to promoting health care quality.

By tomorrow 11/28/17, write a minimum of 550 words essay in APA format with 3 references from the list below which addresses the level one headings as numbered below:

Post a cohesive scholarly response that addresses the following:

When “To Err is Human” was published in 1999, it marked an important milestone in Quality Improvement Science.

1) Analyze how this milestone has influenced the health care delivery system and nursing practice.

2) Provide an example from your own work history and experience as to how the patient safety movement has affected your practice. 

Required Readings

Joshi, M.S., Ransom, E.R., Nash, D.B., & Ransom, S.B., (Eds.). (2014). The Healthcare Quality Book, 3rd ed. Chicago, IL: Health Administration Press.

• Chapter      1: “Healthcare Quality and the Patient”
• Chapter      2: “Basic Concepts of Healthcare Quality”

Kohn, L. T., Corrigan, J. M., & Donaldson, M. S. (Eds). (2000). To err is human: Building a safer health system. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 

Executive summary: Released in 1999, this groundbreaking report provides the rationale for implementing comprehensive improvements in patient safety, an important subset of health care quality. Although only the executive summary is required this week, you are strongly encouraged to read additional sections of this report as you proceed through the course.

Institute of Medicine, Committee on Quality of Health Care in America. (2001). Crossing the quality chasm: A new health system for the 21st century. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 

Executive summary: This report was published by the Institute of Medicine in 2001 to highlight the significant gap between the state of health care quality and where it should be. The report draws attention to the need to improve the U.S. health care delivery system as a whole, and identifies six areas for improvement: safety, effectiveness, patient-centeredness, timeliness, efficiency, and equity. Although only the executive summary is required this week, you are strongly encouraged to read additional sections of this report as you proceed through the course.

Wachter, R. M. (2010). Patient safety at ten: Unmistakable progress, troubling gaps. Health Affairs, 29(1), 165–173.

This article presents an analysis of progress in patient safety since the publication of the IOM report, To Err is Human. As you read this article, evaluate the author’s critique, and consider recent developments that continue to shape patient safety efforts in health care.

Required Media

Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2011). Organizational and systems leadership for quality improvement: Concepts of quality and patient safety. Baltimore: Author. 

This video examines the recent history of the quality improvement movement, including two pivotal IOM reports, To Err is Human and Crossing the Quality Chasm. Dr. Donald Berwick introduces six dimensions of quality: safety, effectiveness, patient-centeredness, timeliness, efficiency, and equity. Other topics addressed include transparency, the prevention of adverse events, and the usefulness of international comparisons for quality assessment and improvement.

  

Maladaptive responses to disorders are compensatory mechanisms that ultimately have adverse health effects for patients. For instance, a patient’s allergic reaction to peanuts might lead to anaphylactic shock, or a patient struggling with depression might develop a substance abuse problem. To properly diagnose and treat patients, advanced practice nurses must understand both the pathophysiology of disorders and potential maladaptive responses that some disorders cause.

Consider immune disorders such as HIV, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, and systemic lupus E. What are resulting maladaptive responses for patients with these disorders?

To Prepare

· Review Chapter 6 and Chapter 8 in the Huether and McCance text. Reflect on the concept of maladaptive responses to disorders.

· Select two of the following immune disorders: HIV, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, or systemic lupus E (SLE).

· Identify the pathophysiology of each disorder you selected. Consider the compensatory mechanisms that the disorders trigger. Then compare the resulting maladaptive and physiological responses of the two disorders.

· Select one of the following factors: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior. Reflect on how the factor might impact your selected immune disorders.

Post a brief description of the pathophysiology of your selected immune disorders. Explain how the maladaptive and physiological responses of the two disorders differ. Finally, explain how the factor you selected might impact the pathophysiology of each disorder.

Pick whichever one is easiest for you