WEEK 1

1. Cells in _____ may act as a reservoir in which HIV can be relatively protected from antiviral drugs.

2. Which statement is true about fungal infections?

3. What of the following remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide?

4. What mechanism occurs in Raynaud phenomenon that classifies it as a type III hypersensitivity reaction? 

5. Which statement about vaccines is true?

6. What is the role if reverse transcriptase in HIV infection?

7. After sexual transmission of HIV, a person can be infected yer seronegative for _____ months.

8. The class if antibody involved in type I hypersensitivity reactions is 

9. What disease involves the deposition of circulating immune complexes containing an antibody against host DNA, resulting in tissue damage?

10. Hypersensitivity is best defined as a(n)

11. What is the mechanism in type III hypersensitivity reactions?

12. Stress-induced norepinephrine results in

13. Which hormone increases the formation of glucose from amino acids and free fatty acids?

14. Cells from a muscle tumor show a reduced ability to form new muscle and appear highly disorganized. This is an example of

15. Which of the following represents the correct nomenclature for benign and malignant tumors of adipose tissues, respectively?

16. What is the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and transforming growth factor-alpha ([email protected]) in cell metastasis. 

17. Many cancers create a mutation of ras. What is ras?

18. Which if the following cancers originate from connective tissue?

19. Inherited mutations that predispose to cancer are almost invariably what kind if gene?

20. Which characteristic among women correlates with a high morbidity of cancer of the colon, , uterus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, breast, uterus, and kidney?

21. What congenital malformation is commonly linked to acute leukemia in children?

WEEK 2

1. At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular space into the interstitial space because the 

2. Which enzyme is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when circulating blood is reduced?

3. Water movement between the intravascular fluid compartment and the extracellular compartment is primarily a function of 

4. Physiologic ph is maintained around 7.4 because bicarbonate (HCO3) and carbonic acid (H2CO3) exist in a ratio of 

5. Which are indications of dehydration?

6. In hyperkalemia, cardiac rhythm changes are a direct result of 

7. What is a major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for transmission of nerve impulses? 

8. Which inflammatory mediators are produced in asthma?

9. ___ is a fulminant form of respiratory failure characterized by acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury.

10. Dyspnea is not a result of

11. Which of the following is a true statement?

12. Clinical manifestations that include unexplained weight loss, dyspnea on exertion, use of accessory muscles, and tachypnea with prolonged expiration are indicative of

13. The most successful treatment of chronic asthma begins with

14. Clinical manifestations of pulmonary hypertension include

15. Pulmonary edema usually begins at a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure or left atrial pressure of ___mmHg.

16. In tuberculosis, the body walls off the bacilli in a tubercle by stimulating 

17. Kussmaul respirations may be characterized as a respiratory pattern

18. Which pleural abnormality involves a site of pleural rupture that act as a one-way valve, permitting air to enter on inspiration but preventing its escape by closing during expiration?

19. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by a(n)

20. An accurate description of childhood asthma is that it is a(n)

21. What is the primary cause of Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) of the newborn?

22. The release of fibroblast growth factor affects ARDS by causing

23. Chest wall compliance in infants is ___ in adults.

24. Which immunoglobulin is present in childhood asthma?

25. Which of the following statements about the advances in the tx of RDS of the newborn is incorrect? 

WEEK 3

1. Symptoms of polycythemia vera are mainly the results of

2. Pernicious anemia generally requires continued therapy lasting 

3. Clinical manifestations of mild to moderate splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, bronze-colored skin, and cardiac dysrhythmias are indicative of which anemia? 

4. In hemolytic anemia, jaundice occur only when

5. A woman c/o chronic gastritis, fatigue, weight loss, and tingling in her fingers. Laboratory findings show low hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, and a high mean corpuscular volume. These findings are consistent with ____anemia.

6. The underlying disorder of ___ anemia is defective secretion of intrinsic factor, which is essential for the absorption of Vit B12.

7. Which of the following is a description if consistent with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?

8. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is described as a(n)

9. What change is seen in the leukocytes during an allergic disorder (type I) often caused by asthma, hay fever, and drug reactions?

10. What is the most common cause of vit K deficiency?

11. The sickle cell trait differs from sickle cell dx in that the child with sickle cell trait

12. Polycythemia occurs in a fetus because

13. G6PD and sickle cell dx are

14. What is the name of the disorder in which levels of bilirubin remain excessively high in the newborn and are deposited in the brain?

15. In full term infant, the normal erythrocyte life span is __ days, whereas the adult is ___days. 

16. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune process involving antibodies against

17. The risk of developing coronary artery dx is increased up to threefold by 

18. What is the primary mechanism of atherogenesis?

19. An individual who is demonstrating elevated levels of troponin, creatine kinase (CK), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) is exhibiting indicators associated with:

20. Which disorder causes transitory truncal rash that is nonpruritic and pink with erythematous macules that may fade in the center, making them appear as a ringworm?

21. When does most cardiovascular development occur?

22. The foremen ovale is covered by a flap that creates a check valve allowing blood to flow unidirectionally from ___ to the ___ .

23. When does systemic vascular resistance in infants begin to rise?

24. Which congenital heart defects occur in trisomy 13, 18, and down syndrome?

25. What is the most important manifestation of aortic coarctation in the neonate?

WEEK 4

1. What primary problem resulting from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn?

2. Phagocytosis involves neutrophils actively attacking, engulfing, and destroying which microorganism?

3. How high does the plasma glucose have to be before the threshold for glucose is achieved?

4. Erythrocyte life span of less than 120 days, ineffective bone marrow response to erythropoietin, and altered iron metabolism describes the pathophysiologic characteristics of which type of anemia?

5. Which statement is true concerning the IgM?

6. Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural exposure to the antigen or after immunization against the antigen?

7. The coronary ostia are located in the:

8. Which hepatitis virus is known to be sexually transmitted?

9. The risk for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) decreases for premature infants when they are born between how many weeks or gestation?

10. What is the ratio of coronary capillaries to cardiac muscle cells?

11. What is the most common cause of insufficient erythropoiesis in children?

12. Which term is used to identify the movement of gas and air into and out of the lungs?

13. Perceived stress elicits an emotional, anticipatory response that begins where? 

14. Which complex (wave) represents the sum of all ventricular muscle cell depolarizations?

15. Causes of hyperkalemia include: 

16. Which criterion is used to confirm a dx of asthma in an 8-year-old child?

17. What is the role of caretaker genes?

18. What is the action of urodilatin?

19. The Papanicolaou (Pap) test is used to screen for which cancer?

20. What is the life span of an erythrocyte (in days)?

21. Hypersensitivity is best defined as a(n):

22. What is the final stage of the infectious process? 

23. What is the life span of platelets (in days)?

24. What process allows the kidney to an increase response in workload?

25. Which substance has been shown to increase the risk of cancer when used in combination with tobacco smoking? 

26. Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) can occur if the mother: 

27. Which compensatory mechanism is spontaneously used by children diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot to relieve spells?

28. How much urine accumulates in the bladder before the mechanoreceptors sense bladder fullness?

29. The function of the foramen ovale in a fetus allows what to occur? 

30. Low plasma albumin causes edema as a result of a reduction in which pressure?

31. In a normal, nonmutant stage, an oncogene is referred to as a:

32. Causes of hyperkalemia include:

33. Research supports the premise that exercise has a probable impact on reducing the risk of which cancer?

34. What is the functional unit of the kidney called?

35. What is the first stage in the infectious process? 

36. Which statement concerning exotoxins is true? 

37. An infant’s hemoglobin must fall below ___g/dl before signs of pallor, tachycardia, and systolic murmurs occur. 

38. What is the role of collagen in the clotting process?

39. Where are antibodies produced?

40. What is the purpose to the spirometry measurement?

41. What is the most abundant class of plasma protein?

42. What is the most important negative inotropic agent?

43. Decrease lung compliance means that the lungs are demonstrating which characteristic? 

44. Blood vessels of the kidneys are innervated by the:

45. What are the abnormalities in cytokines found in children which cystic fibrosis (CF)?

46. The generation of clonal diversity occurs primarily during which phase of life? 

47. How is most of the oxygen in the blood transported?

48. Fetal hematopoiesis occurs in which structure?

49. What is the chief predisposing factor for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn?

50. Which disorder results in decreased erythrocytes and platelets with changes in leukocytes and has clinical manifestations of pallor, fatigue, petechiae, purpura, bleeding, and fever?

SOME MIXED QUESTIONS

1. Raynaud phenomenon is classified as a type III hypersensitivity reaction and is due to:

2. Deficiencies in which element can produce depression of both B and T cell functions

3. During a stress response, increase anxiety, vigilance, and arousal is prompted by

4. Stress-age syndrome results in decreased

5. Which of the viruses below are oncogenic DNA viruses?

6. Which cytokine is involved in producing cachexia syndrome?

7. Childhood exposure to all of the following risk factors increase susceptibility to cancer, except

8. What id the mechanism in type II hypersensitivity reactions?

9. What effect does estrogen have on lymphocytes?

10. Which hormone prompts increased anxiety, vigilance, and arousal during a stress response?

11. Intestinal polyps are benign neoplasms and the first stage in development of colon cancer. These findings support the notion that:

12. In chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), a piece of chromosome 9 fuses to a piece of chromosome 22. This is an example of which mutation of normal genes to oncogenes

13. Tobacco smoking is associated with cancers of all of the following, except

14. In which primary immune deficiency is there a partial to complete absence of T-cell immunity?

15. The effect that low serum albumin has on the central stress response is to 

16. How does the loss of chloride during vomiting cause metabolic alkalosis?

17. When thirst is experienced, how are osmoreceptors activated?

18. Why are infants susceptible to significant losses in total body water?

19. In ARDS alveoli and respiratory bronchioles fill with fluid as a result of the:

20. A(n) __ is a circumscribed area of suppuration and destruction of lung parenchyma.

21. Which of the following types of croup is most common?

22. Kussmaul respirations as a respiratory pattern may be associated with which characteristics?

23. What is the fundamental physiologic manifestation of anemia?

24. Which of the following describes how the body compensates for anemia?

25. Local signs and symptoms of hodgkin’s disease-related lymphadenopathy is a result of:

26. __ is the virus associated with Burkitt lymphoma in African children:

27. Which defect produces a systolic ejection murmur at the right upper sternal border that transmits to the neck and left lower sternal border with an occasional ejection click?

RUBRIC:

1-Comprehensive Description of a Communicable Disease and the Demographic of Interest: Overview describing the demographic of interest and clinical description of the communicable disease is presented with a thorough, accurate, and clear overview of all of the clinical descriptors.

2-Determinants of Health and Explanation of How Determinants Contribute to Disease Development:Paper comprehensively discusses the determinants of health in relation to the communicable disease, explains their contribution to disease development, and provides evidence to support main points.

3-Epidemiologic Triangle (Host Factors, Agent Factors, and Environmental Factors):The communicable disease is described thoroughly, accurately, and clearly within an epidemiological model. A visual description of the model and how the components of the model interact is included.

4-Role of the Community Health Nurse:Discussion of the role of the community health nurse is clear, comprehensive, and inclusive of the community nurse’s responsibilities to primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention through tasks such as case finding, reporting, data collection and analysis, and follow up.

5-National Agency or Organization That Works to Addresses Communicable Disease:An agency or organization is identified. A clear and accurate description of efforts to address communicable disease is offered.

6-Thesis Development and Purpose:Thesis is comprehensive, contained within the thesis is the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear.

7-Paragraph Development and Transitions:There is a sophisticated construction of paragraphs and transitions. Ideas progress and relate to each other. Paragraph and transition construction guide the reader. Paragraph structure is seamless.

8-Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use):Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.

9-Global Implication:A discussion of the global implication of the disease is clear, comprehensive, and inclusive with a comprehensive description of how this is addressed in other countries or cultures and if the disease is endemic to a particular area. An example is provided.

10-Paper Format:All format elements are correct.

11-Research Citations (In-text citations for paraphrasing and direct quotes, and reference page listing and formatting, as appropriate to assignment):In-text citations and a reference page are complete. The documentation of cited sources is free of error.

Write a paper (2,000-2,500 words) in which you apply the concepts of epidemiology and nursing research to a communicable disease. Refer to “Communicable Disease Chain,” “Chain of Infection,” and the CDC website for assistance completing this assignment.

Communicable Disease Selection

Choose one communicable disease from the following list:

1. Chickenpox
2. Tuberculosis
3. Influenza
4. Mononucleosis
5. Hepatitis B
6. HIV
7. Ebola
8. Measles
9. Polio
10. Influenza

Epidemiology Paper Requirements

Address the following:

1. Describe the communicable disease (causes, symptoms, mode of transmission, complications, treatment) and the demographic of interest (mortality, morbidity, incidence, and prevalence). Is this a reportable disease? If so, provide details about reporting time, whom to report to, etc.
2. Describe the determinants of health and explain how those factors contribute to the development of this disease.
3. Discuss the epidemiologic triangle as it relates to the communicable disease you have selected. Include the host factors, agent factors (presence or absence), and environmental factors. (The textbook describes each element of the epidemiologic triangle). Are there any special considerations or notifications for the community, schools, or general population?
4. Explain the role of the community health nurse (case finding, reporting, data collecting, data analysis, and follow-up).
5. Identify at least one national agency or organization that addresses the communicable disease chosen and describe how the organization(s) contributes to resolving or reducing the impact of disease.
6. Discuss a global implication of the disease. How is this addressed in other countries or cultures? Is this disease endemic to a particular area? Provide an example.

A minimum of three peer-reviewed or professional references is required.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. 

You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Succes

    

TASK INSTRUCTIONS: 

This task requires you to write a 2,000-word assignment. Before you write your assignment, you will need to: 

 

• Choose one of the following National Safety and Quality Health Service (NSQHS) Standards (ACSQHC, 2017) as the topic of your assignment. 

• Clinical governance (Standard 1)
   
• Partnering with consumers (Standard 2)
   
• Preventing and controlling healthcare-associated infection (Standard 3)
   
• Comprehensive care (Standard 5)
   
• Communicating for safety (Standard 6)
   
• Blood management (Standard 7)
   

    

• 

• 

• 

Identify the type of process and outcome data that could be collected, analysed and fed back for improvements in care relevant to your chosen standard. (You may wish to refer to the article by Donabedian, 1988, as a starting point). This area for action aligns with step 2.2 of the Australian Safety and Quality Framework for Health Care (ACSQHC, 2010). 

Research the topic of quality and safety in health care in Australia then identify and analyse scholarly literature that is relevant to your assignment topic, namely your: 

• chosen standard,
   
• a clinical care activity relevant to this standard,
   
• process and outcome data required to monitor outcomes/improvements relevant to the standard.
   

  

Respiratory Alterations

Scenario

Kevin is a 6-year-old boy who is brought in for evaluation by his parents. The parents are concerned that he has a really deep cough that he just can’t seem to get over. The history reveals that he was in his usual state of good health until approximately 1 week ago when he developed a profound cough. His parents say that it is deep and sounds like he is barking. He coughs so hard that sometimes he actually vomits. The cough is productive for mucus, but there is no blood in it. Kevin has had a low-grade temperature but nothing really high. His parents do not have a thermometer and don’t know for sure how high it got. His past medical history is negative. He has never had childhood asthma or RSV. His mother says that they moved around a lot in his first 2 years and she is not sure that his immunizations are up to date. She does not have a current vaccination record.

To Prepare

– Review Chapter 27 and Chapter 28 in the Huether and McCance text.

– Identify the pathophysiology of the alteration that you associated with the cough.

– Reflect on how genetics and age factors might impact the disorder.

Post a description of the disorder and underlying respiratory alteration (Croup known as Laryngotracheobronchitis) associated with the type of cough in your selected scenario. Then, explain the pathophysiology of the respiratory alteration. Finally, explain how age and genetics factors might impact the disorder.

**This paper should have Introduction (with a purpose statement) and Conclusion

LEARNING RESOURCES

Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

• Chapter 26, “Structure and           Function of the Pulmonary System”

This chapter provides information relating to the structure and function of the pulmonary system to illustrate normal pulmonary function. It focuses on gas transport to build the foundation for examining alterations of pulmonary function.

• Chapter 27, “Alterations of           Pulmonary Function”

This chapter examines clinical manifestations of pulmonary alterations and disorders of the chest wall and pleura. It covers the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, evaluation, and treatment of obstructive lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis, and emphysema.

• Chapter 28, “Alterations of           Pulmonary Function in Children”

This chapter focuses on alterations of pulmonary function that affect children. These alterations include disorders of the upper and lower airways.

Hammer, G. G., & McPhee, S. (2014). Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine. (7th ed.) New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

• Chapter 9, “Pulmonary           Disease”

This chapter begins with an overview of normal structure and function of the lungs to provide a foundation for examining various lung diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

** American Lung Association. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.lung.org/ 

** Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.aafa.org 

** Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.cff.org/ 

Instructor Requirements

As advanced practice nurses, we are scholars, nurse researchers and scientists. As such, please use Peer-Reviewed scholarly articles and websites designed for health professionals (not designed for patients) for your references. Students should be using the original citation in up to Date and go to that literature as a reference. The following are examples (not all inclusive) of resources/websites deemed inadmissible for scholarly reference:

1. Up to Date (must use original articles from Up to Date as a resource)

2. Wikipedia

3. Cdc.gov- nonhealthcare professionals section

4. Webmd.com

5. Mayoclinic.com

– This work should have Introduction and Conclusion

– It should have at least 3 current references (2013 and up)

– APA format