Practicum – Journal Entry – 2025 PLEASE PAY ATTENTION TO THE SCENARIO zERO PLAGIRISM 5 REFERENCES Note Patient is 65years old African American female alert and

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Practicum – Journal Entry – 2025

PLEASE PAY ATTENTION TO THE SCENARIO

zERO PLAGIRISM

5 REFERENCES 

Note: Patient is 65years old African American female, alert and oriented x2 with confusion. Resident has a  diagnoses of paranoid Schizophrenia and dementia. Patient is on Risperdal 4mg 1 tab PO at bedtime and Haldol 10mg Q6hour PRN for agitation. Patient was seen by psychiatrist on 01/25/2020 and no medication reduction was recommended.  Patient remains stable at this time. Patient will be seen again in three months.

  • Develop diagnoses for clients receiving psychotherapy*
  • Analyze legal and ethical implications of counseling clients with psychiatric disorders*

* The Assignment related to this Learning Objective is introduced this week 

Select a client whom you observed or counseled this week. Then, address the following in your Practicum Journal:

  • Describe the client (without violating HIPAA regulations) and identify any pertinent history or medical information, including prescribed medications.
  • Using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5), explain and justify your diagnosis for this client.
  • Explain any legal and/or ethical implications related to counseling this client.
  • Support your approach with evidence-based literature.

Answer To Essay-200 Words Minimum (OH2) – 2025 You have to write an answer based on this writing a minimum of 200 words You need to

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Answer To Essay-200 Words Minimum (OH2) – 2025

You have to write an answer based on this writing, a minimum of 200 words. You need to add references and quotes, do not use the same references that appear in the writing.

Health care beliefs of the German and French-Canadian heritage and the influence in the delivery of evidence-based health care.

The health care sector is an inclusive sector that is comprehensive and broad. It has a very long relationship with other sectors and aspects of life, such as culture and beliefs. The people’s culture has an immense influence on the health care services provision. In that view, the delivery of evidence-based health care in one culture might be very different in another culture. However, the international health care bodies are working round the clock to ensure that the health care services are received amicably and professionally across all cultures and heritages. The heritages of both the German and French Canadian have different beliefs that profoundly impact the delivery of evidence-based health care.

In the German heritage, the people who are mandated to administer health care services and treatments are women. Although the males (fathers) might provide financial support for the children’s health care, women have the mandate to ensure that children receive all essential health care services such as vitamins, immunizations as well as constant health checkups. Traditionally, German women would practice traditional medicine that included providing health care guidance to the sick as well as laying hands for the sick to heal. This experience and knowledge were passed from mothers to daughters, and the process continued. Natural traditional medicines were made from roots, herbs, peppermint, soups as well as spirits of ammonia. As modernization came in, the Germans started embracing modern medication, whereby they purchase over-the-counter medicine in the pharmacy. The traditional health care services provision hardly promoted the delivery of evidence-based health care since health care providers hardly relied on evidence to offer health care. Instead, they relied on assumptions that were very risky to the patients.

The French-Canadian heritage had a unique aspect since it promoted the provision of modern health care services. It is healthy, according to the French-Canadian means having attained a balance in life (Assari, Khoshpouri & Chalian, 2019). This means that all one’s states, which include the physical, spiritual, and social, are working effectively and relating accordingly. For one to attain a healthy life, one is executed to eat a balanced diet, sleep adequately, exercise, belief in the Supernatural Spiritual Being, have home health care remedies as well as consult with health care providers. The French-Canadian Heritage has a positive influence on the provision of evidence-based health care since it promotes consultation of the health care providers who are in access to modern technology that can help in the delivery of evidence-based care.

2.   Similarities in the health care beliefs and practices of the German and French-Canadian heritage with the health care beliefs of your heritage.

There are some similarities in the health care beliefs and practices of the German and French-Canadian heritage and my health care beliefs heritage. These all heritages believe that everyone has the responsibility of taking care and promoting his/ her health (Shaw, 2017). In that view, it is highly discouraged to undertake some harmful activities such as drug abuse since that can ruin one’s health. Besides, all of the heritages have a common notion that there are people in the community who are well-versed in the delivery of health care services such as herbalists and doctors, and it is recommendable for everyone to seek health care services from these specialists.

3.  If you must change your health care beliefs for any of one study this week, which one will you choose, and why?

I prefer the German health care beliefs, which promote and support natural medicine over modern medications, which includes over the counter drugs as well as the prescribed drugs. The Germans practiced herbal medicine that was made from herbs, roots as well as peppermint (Brousseau, Cara & Blais, 2019). In addition to that, the German heritage has excellent support for the people taking care of their health.  One is expected to take care of his/her health by eating healthy food, exercising, having enough sleep, and avoiding harmful activities such as drug abuse. I am of great support for the German beliefs of health care services since they are instrumental in addressing the modern lifestyle diseases such as obesity. Most of the most dangerous diseases nowadays are lifestyle diseases which are caused by poor lifestyle. However, if the German health care notion would be employed in the modern world, lifestyle diseases would be addressed adequately. The other reason I would prefer the German health care beliefs is that its health care is affordable and readily available. Getting the herbs and roots to make traditional medicine is straightforward, and at times, it is free, unlike purchasing over the counter medicines.

N494 Educating Clinical Staff And Disseminating Outcomes; Self-Reflection – 2025 Remember to submit your work following the file naming convention FirstInitial LastName M01 docx For example

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N494 Educating Clinical Staff And Disseminating Outcomes; Self-Reflection – 2025

 

Remember to submit your work following the file naming convention FirstInitial.LastName_M01.docx. For example, J.Smith_M01.docx. Remember that it is not necessary to manually type in the file extension; it will automatically append.

Start by reading and following these instructions:

1. Quickly skim the questions or assignment below and the assignment rubric to help you focus.

2. Read the required chapter(s) of the textbook and any additional recommended resources. Some answers may require you to do additional research on the Internet or in other reference sources. Choose your sources carefully.

3. Consider the discussions and any insights gained from it.

4. Create your Assignment submission and be sure to cite your sources, use APA style as required, check your spelling.

Signature Assignment

Practice Change Simulation

Assignment Description:

Create a 7-9 minute video that reflects upon the clinical problem that you have identified in your area of nursing practice (as identified in Module 1). Critically appraise the research and summarize the knowledge available on the clinical problem (minimum requirement of 6 scholarly journal articles reviewed and appraised for application to practice problem). Outline a strategic plan for implementation of a practice change in your clinical practice environment based upon your findings. Describe how you intend to operationalize the practice change in your practice environment. What theoretical model will you use and how will you overcome barriers to implementation? What sources of internal evidence will you use in providing data to demonstrate improvement in outcomes? Describe evaluation methods of implementation clearly. Are there any ethical considerations?

The presentation should be a simulation of what you would present to your unit staff in an effort to gain buy-in as you initiate the practice change in your area of practice. Use a recording platform of your choice and either upload as an mp4 or share the link directly to the video in the dropbox. ***Please do not record as voice-over PowerPoint because this cannot be saved in mp4 format or a link.*** If you submit your assignment as a PowerPoint with voice over recording you will not receive credit for your assignment (or partial credit as you did not meet the full requirements of the assignment.)

If PowerPoint is used for the presentation, include the reference slide; if PowerPoint is not used in the presentation, please submit a list of the references in a Word document utilized to develop the presentation in APA format to the dropbox in a separate submission (be sure to orally cite your sources if no PowerPoint is used to identify the sources)

Assignment Expectations:

Length: 7-9 minute presentation (with or without PowerPoint slides); if no PowerPoint used submit APA Reference list separately
Structure: If PowerPoint is used: Include a title slide, objective slide, content slides, reference slide in APA format. There is no specific slide number required. 
References: Use appropriate APA style in-text citations and references for all resources utilized to answer the questions. A minimum of six (6) scholarly journal articles are required for this assignment. 
Rubric: This assignment uses a rubric for scoring. Please review it as part of your assignment preparation and again prior to submission to ensure you have addressed its criteria at the highest level. 
Format: Save your assignment as a mp4 format or as an attached link to the recording.
File name: Name your saved file according to your first initial, last name, and the assignment number (for example, “RHall Assignment 1.docx”)

NR631 Week 7 SR2 – 2025 Respond One variance within the EMR project that could occur would be

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NR631 Week 7 SR2 – 2025

 Respond 

One variance within the EMR project that could occur would be if more training hours are needed for employees than originally identified. Perhaps a few employees are slow learners or need some extra attention. The original allotted hours may not be sufficient. As the human aspect of any project is sometimes difficult to predict. Another aspect that can affect the project is cost risk, which is a reason that many projects to not finish (Górecki and Díaz-Madroñero, 2020). In most of my projects I try to account for cost risk in any department. If I had a $1,000 budget, I would try to hit somewhere near $900 conservatively if possible if there are variables which could affect the budget. Effectively this is what I have accounted for in my budget already and feel as though the buffer I have provided would cover extra training.

Another example of possible cost variance is potential change in staffing (Robbins, 2019). For example, if there is a transition in the department or we are unable to provide adequate staffing for training, the project may be prolonged, and costs will incur for IT support and departmental coverage. In order to determine if I need to adjust my budget for hours, I would see how much we have used in training to date, and look at the estimate towards completion. If the allocated amount would not be enough, I would revise and factor in the costs with an updated budget using the buffer amount.

My current budget is as follows:

  • $30,000 – implementation of module with current system for assignment and prioritization into current EMR system. A module already exists but should be fine-tuned to the practice.
  • $2,800 – Approximately 50 hours of training for the project implementation team
  • $6,500 – Approximately 25 hours for each end user in ED
  • $50,000 – New equipment to provide access to every provider
  • $4,000 – Approximately 100 salaried hours for Manager for hours worked on project
  • $1,200 – Potential informatics specialist to assist with EMR system report monitoring to identify issues during implementation
  • $4,000 – On-call EMR help for tools for four weeks
  • $50,000 – New equipment for laboratory services to provide access for all laboratory staff
  • $5000 – Approximately 20 hours for each end user in laboratory
  • $50,000 – New equipment for radiology services to provide access for all laboratory staff
  • $5000 – Approximately 20 hours for each end user in
  • $360,000 – Additional staff (RN, laboratory technician, radiology technician)
  • $250,000 – Physical plant construction (new nurses stations with view of patients for charting from computer, removal of a wall, compliance/planning with architect)

Post Tania – 2025 Respond by providing feedback on each colleague s therapeutic approach based on a narrative

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Post Tania – 2025

 Respond  by providing feedback on each  colleague’s therapeutic approach based on a narrative family  therapeutic perspective. Support your feedback with evidence-based  literature and/or your own experiences with clients. 

                                                Main Post 

  

I am addressing the case of a family called X. The family has five members and the man recently lost his job after the organization he worked for closed in Atlanta. The man is also become alcoholic and violent due to the wrangles. The wife also reported episodes of domestic abuse in the local police department severally. On the other hand, the wife works in a store and her wages are hardly enough to pay the family bills. Due to their condition, the family moved to a cheaper house studio since they can no longer afford the rent.

In will uses a systematic therapeutic approach on the family. Systematic approach is ideal since it is a derivative of other models. The model has phase like social step, problem phase, Interaction, goal and task setting (Taylor, 2017). In the social stage, I will interact with each of the family members in regular activities. During the phase, I will inform the family members about the purpose of the therapy and the contributions in the exercise. The stage will also enable me to make observations about the interactions about the phase (Taylor, 2017). The problem stage I will pose a question to each of the members of the family to understand if the problems exist. In the next phase, the interactional stage allows the members to discuss problems like alcoholism and how to pay the bills (Shapiro, 2018).  I will use the interaction phase to understand some of the dynamics like the hierarchies, collaboration and the communication sequence. The goal-setting phase will involve highlighting the problems and what could be done. I will work with the family members to bring forward solutions to the problems. When the family is involved in decision making compliance is high (Shapiro, 2018).  I will also use the phrase to define the parameters of the study. Lastly, is the task setting stage- that will involve wrapping the session by making a decision (Shapiro, 2018). I will offer the solutions and homework to the family. The solutions will involve increasing communications in the family. Another solution is the man looking for a means of living that could sustain the family.  

The systematic therapeutic Approach is efficient since it will replace gendered and stereotyped roles and behaviors that are flexible and offer deep breadth. The therapy will also involve a redistribution of power and providing an equitable balance while at the same time enhances communication between the family members.

However, the woman often exhibits social behavior. Antisocial behavior could alter a systematic therapeutic approach. The behavior typically limits their conversations.

  

References

Shapiro, F. (2018). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. Basic Principles, Protocols, and Procedures, Ed, 2.

Taylor, D. (2017). Treating sexual trauma through couple’s therapy.

Thoughts – 2025 What are your thoughts High performance team refers to a group of goal focused individuals with specialized expertise and complementary skills

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Thoughts – 2025

What are your thoughts 

High performance team refers to a group of goal-focused individuals with specialized expertise and complementary skills who collaborate, innovate and produce consistently superior results. The group relentlessly pursues performance excellence through shared goals, shared leadership, collaboration, open communication, clear role expectations and group operating rules, early conflict resolution, and a strong sense of accountability and trust among its members (Katzenbach, & Smith, 2016). These characteristics are the driving force for the high-performance teams. Shared goals give the team a clear vision for what they are working towards and allows the teams to stay glued to the same goals to which yield maximum output. Collaborations and open communication are the driving forces for any successful team.

One of the biggest factors that contribute to the success of any business is whether or not its employees are able to perform together a team. With increasing competition, it has become extremely important to encourage creativity in the office, in order to improve productivity and promote healthy employee relationships. Working in teams enables employees to be quicker and more effective in their work, as compared to people who work on projects on their own. Collaborating also makes employees more responsible, which goes a long way in raising their motivation levels, especially when teams work virtually.

There is no doubt that motivation is the driving force by which humans achieve their goals. Motivation can be intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is driven by an interest or enjoyment in the actions required to achieve a goal, without relying on external rewards or pressures. Extrinsic motivation on the other hand is the opposite and requires external rewards such as money or external consequences such as demotion (Vallerand, 2017). Extrinsic motivation by itself (without intrinsic motivation) forces a person to measure outputs and pay little attention to the input such as hard work and collaboration. Therefore, to extrinsically motivate a group I would set group and individual goals and measure outcomes. Also, rewarding those individuals who achieved their goals to motivate those who did not meet their goals is a way of inspiring individuals who are extrinsically motivated. However, to motivate an individual who is intrinsically motivated would begin by creating working environments which provoke competence, and enthusiasm to achieve both personal and organizational goals.

Assignment – 2025 In the Discussion for this module you considered the interaction of nurse informaticists with other specialists to ensure successful

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Assignment – 2025

 

In the Discussion for this module, you considered the interaction of nurse informaticists with other specialists to ensure successful care. How is that success determined?

Patient outcomes and the fulfillment of care goals is one of the major ways that healthcare success is measured. Measuring patient outcomes results in the generation of data that can be used to improve results. Nursing informatics can have a significant part in this process and can help to improve outcomes by improving processes, identifying at-risk patients, and enhancing efficiency.

To Prepare:

  • Review the concepts of technology application as presented in the Resources.
  • Reflect on how emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence may help fortify nursing informatics as a specialty by leading to increased impact on patient outcomes or patient care efficiencies.

The Assignment: (4-5 pages)

In a 4- to 5-page project proposal written to the leadership of your healthcare organization, propose a nursing informatics project for your organization that you advocate to improve patient outcomes or patient-care efficiency. Your project proposal should include the following:

  • Describe the project you propose.
  • Identify the stakeholders impacted by this project.
  • Explain the patient outcome(s) or patient-care efficiencies this project is aimed at improving and explain how this improvement would occur. Be specific and provide examples.
  • Identify the technologies required to implement this project and explain why.
  • Identify the project team (by roles) and explain how you would incorporate the nurse informaticist in the project team.

Discussion Board – 2025 The U S Department of Health Human Services released a comprehensive Clinical Practice Guideline for Treating Tobacco Use

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Discussion Board – 2025

 

The U.S. Department of Health & Human Services released a comprehensive Clinical Practice Guideline for Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence–2008 Update

https://www.ahrq.gov/professionals/clinicians-providers/guidelines-recommendations/tobacco/clinicians/update/index.html 

The goal of these recommendations is that clinicians strongly recommend the use of effective tobacco dependence counseling and medication treatments to their patients who use tobacco, and that health systems, insurers, and purchasers assist clinicians in making such effective treatments available.

After reading these recommendations answer the following questions.

1. what are the clinical interventions for patients unwilling to quit cigarette smoking?

2. According to the best practices what are the best strategies to help your clients quit smoking?

3. are there any specific smoking cessation recommendations for especial populations such as teenagers or the elderly?

Week3 – 2025 Assessment Tools and Diagnostic Tests Student name Instructor name Institution affiliation Course Date

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Week3 – 2025

Assessment Tools and Diagnostic Tests

Student name

Instructor name

Institution affiliation

Course

Date

Assessment Tools and Diagnostic Tests

Mammogram

A mammogram can refer as an X-ray picture of the heart that is helpful in the detection of breast cancer early on, even before some symptoms present themselves. Screening mammography is essentially a mammogram that checks or observes individuals with no signs (Henderson, 2015). A mammogram refers to a breast image in the form of an X-ray used in breast cancer screening (Shih, Huang, & Chan, 2016). It is through the mammogram that breast cancer is detected and deaths related to the disease decreased significantly. The process involves compression of the breasts between two surfaces that are firm in a bid to ensure the breast tissues are spread. 

Validity and reliability

The black and white images captured by the X-ray are later displayed on the computer screen after which the doctor assessing the patient will look for cancer signs. The test mainly used in the detection of abnormalities in the breast and any tumours that could be present. The mammogram X-ray is either for diagnostic and screening purposes. Screening is done for patients that do not have any noticeable signs for breast cancer while diagnostic mammography is used in the investigation of changes noted in the breast including pain, nipple discharge or thickening and unusual breast skin (Shih, Huang, & Chan, 2016). The use of mammograms can help lower the number of women aged between 40 and 70 who die from breast cancer. According to Glover (2015), women, especially those 40 years old and above, should participate in annual screening mammography. It is, therefore, essential to observe the validity and reliability of mammograms.

Validity and Reliability

Women, 40 years and older for five years to study and record the validity and reliability of mammography. 87 % accuracy and sensitivity are revealed in mammography. This sensitivity testing is higher in women over 50 years of age and more senior in women with fatty breasts, then dense breasts (Breast Cancer Foundation, 2019). A susceptible test will pick up even the slightest abnormal finding. These means it will miss a few cases of the disease, but it will also mistake some people as having the disease when they don’t. It was found that the percentage is 7 to 12 per cent of having a false positive after one mammography.

However, younger women are more likely to have false positives. After ten years of mammograms, a false positive is about fifty per cent. Many women use menopausal hormonal therapy, and this can increase the risk of breast cancer; thus, a low dose is recommended (Breast Cancer Foundation, 2019).  Mammography misses thirteen per cent of breast cancers, and some are much harder to detect. Mammography finds cancers that begin in the milk ducts very accurately, than the ones that start in the lobules (Breast Cancer Foundation, 2019). The reason is lobules do not always appear as a distinct mass on a mammogram and are harder to find.

Health assessments

Mammography can be used as a diagnostic tool when a patient presents with a lump in their breast that is a palpable mass and has nipple discharge.  To identify that this lump is indeed abnormal or to rule out a benign fibrous growth, a diagnostic mammogram will provide different views to assess the features of the mass and to pinpoint its exact location in breast tissue. This could include a spot compression, magnification, exaggerated craniocaudal to the medial or lateral side, tangential, and a ninety-degree lateral view (Dains, Baumann & Scheibel, 2016). Because the density of the breast tissue matters for identification, mammography is of less value in women younger than age thirty years of age. 

When women who have breast complaints and women who do not have complaints an x-ray is done. It is highly efficient because the procedure allows for the detection of cancers before palpation becomes a possibility. After mammography shows a mass on the x-ray, a tissue sample can be removed for testing of cancer by a procedure called biopsy (Qin, White, Sabatino & Febo-Vazquez, 2018). Mammography usage began thirty years ago, and in the past decade, the technique has improved drastically (Qin et al., 2018). Today, high-quality results can be obtained with a low radiation dose.  

Concepts

Mammography is of crucial importance in the detection and diagnosis of breast cancer and other breast diseases (Sardanelliet al., 2016). It usually follows a manual breast examination. A mammogram provides several different views of breast tissue which can give the doctor a better look of breast tissue enabling them to pinpoint a  specific area of muscle and possibly discover tumours that are too small to feel as well as identify cancer cells of the lining of the ducts of the breast tissue (National Breast Cancer Foundation, 2016). While screening mammograms are routinely administered to detect breast cancer in women who have no apparent symptoms, diagnostic mammograms are used after suspicious results on a screening mammogram or after some signs of breast cancer alert the physician to check the tissue (National Breast Cancer Foundation, 2016).

The primary focus of performing a mammogram is early detection of breast cancer before symptoms (screening mammography) and secondly to make a diagnosis for patients with symptoms such as a palpable lump (diagnostic mammography) (Sardanelli et al., 2016). It is recommended that annual mammograms be performed for women after age 40 for routine screening or earlier if clinically indicated. One indication for earlier detection are women with a high frequency of breast cancer in their family should start even earlier with periodic imaging (Sardanelli et al., 2016). I have seen women in their twenties getting mammograms. But they don’t always go annually; some are examined every three years.

References

Shih, J., Huang, I., & Chan, S. (2016). Annotation System to Conducting a Mammography. 2016 International Conference on Educational Innovation through Technology (EITT). doi:10.1109/eitt.2016.50

Henderson, L. M., O’Meara, E. S., Braithwaite, D., & Onega, T. (2015). Performance of Digital Screening Mammography among Older Women in the United States. Cancer, 121(9), 1379-1386. Doi:10.1002/cncr.29214.

Glover, L. (2015). Access Denied. Retrieved from https://health.usnews.com/health-news/patient-advice/articles/2015/06/18/how-often-do-you-really-need-a-mammogram

National Breast Cancer Foundation. (2016). Mammogram. Retrieved from 

https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/diagnostic-mammogram

Dains, J. E., Baumann, L. C., & Scheibel, P. (2016). Clinical Reasoning, Differential Diagnosis, Evidence-Based Practice, and Symptom Analysis. Advanced health assessment and clinical diagnosis in primary care (5th Ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.

Qin, J., White, M. C., Sabatino, S. A., & Febo-Vázquez, I. (2018). Mammography use among women aged 18-39 years in the United States. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 168(3), 687–693. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1007/s10549-017-4625-6

Sardanelli, F., Fallenberg, E. M., Clauser, P., Trimboli, R. M., Camps-Herrero, J., Helbich, T. H., 

Forrai, G. (2016). Mammography: an update of the EUSOBI recommendations on 

Information for women. Insights into Imaging, 8(1), 11-18. Doi: 10.1007/s13244-0160531

Response #1 – 2025 Respond to your colleagues by providing additional thoughts about competing needs that may

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Response #1 – 2025

  

Respond to your colleagues  by providing additional thoughts about competing needs that may impact your colleagues’ selected issues, or additional ideas for applying policy to address the impacts described.

At least 2 references in each peer responses!

  

Nursing leaders face many ethical dilemmas, among these being making a choice between having limited resources and competing needs. Resources tend to be finite, thus there is immense competition for them in healthcare settings. Nationally, one of the most pressing issues is data security in the health care sector. The industry has experienced multiple incidences in the past where criminals have stolen private patient data records and data (Kruse et al., 2017). This has resulted in a lot of policy changes, thus the need for healthcare facilities to consider them along other needs associated with the healthcare system.

           Competing needs may affect the implementation of the policies associated implementation of sufficient data and patient record safeguards. For instance, healthcare facilities may not have sufficient resources to cater for additional employees in their information technology departments, while they also need additional nurses to enhance their quality of care. The presence of such national stressors may require nurse leaders to balance on the policy recommendations that they need. For instance, they may have to reallocate some resources for activities such as the recruitment of additional nurses. This is to ensure that they have some resources for the recruitment of additional personnel or outsourcing of some functions in the information technology department to ensure there are sufficient safeguards for patient data and compliance with the national policy requirements (Liu et al., 2017).

           One of the main impacts of the competing needs includes the lack of sufficient resources to address each of the needs sufficiently. However, policies can be able to address some of these ethical dilemmas. For instance, nurse leaders can ensure that resources are allocated based on the urgency of these needs, while at the same time ensuring there is compliance with national policies relating to an area (Naes et al., 2017). For instance, rather than establishing an entire information department, a health care facility may resort to outsourcing the function, which would be relatively cheaper.