the discussions are below. I just want a response between 150 and 170 words excluding references for each one.

two references needed for each one

    All papers submitted must be in APA format according to the Publication Manual American Psychological Association (APA) (7th ed.). 2020 ISBN: 9781433832154, 1433832151 

discussion 1

Opioids are used widely in the United States (US) to treat millions of patients who have high levels of pain. A majority of these patients are older adults. With complications that come with aging, it is important that care givers be keen on how they medicate geriatric patients using opioids. I’m instreated on knowing how the used of opioids effect the againg population. In my opinion i think alternative medications should be used. Because Slight mistakes of excessive used of opioids can result in complications such as physiologic difficulties and addiction to the drug

Old age comes with physiologic complications that may be increased by the wrong use of opioid medication. It is difficult to forecast how the elderly will react to opioid treatment. Health providers ought to make thorough evaluation on their patients like asking them to describe their levels of pain before beginning any form of treatment (Tracy, 2013). For instance, how one’s liver functions should be observed to ensure proper dosage. If not checked, opioid medication can result in difficulties such as a stressed respiratory system. It is also vital to monitor the period of time that the medication will be administered.

New research suggests that geriatric patients are just as likely to get addicted to opioid medications similar to young adults. This fact was unknown for a long time because such cases were rarely ever reported or noticed. The emerging research gives evidence that as much as the numbers of elderly patients addicted to opioid drugs are lower than that of young adults, the cases of addiction are on the rise (Gazelka, Leal, & Lapid, 2020). Stereotyping and stigmatization contributes to low discovery of addicted geriatric patients by health care providers. 

discussion 2

The topic that I will conduct the research on is about ischemic stroke. Reports show that, stroke is among the leading causes of deaths globally; around 795, 000 individuals, die of stroke in the United States alone, every year (Boehme et al., 2018). The individuals who are more predisposed to the condition are the elderly. The past few years have seen a record decrease in the number of mortalities from the disease. However, recent studies have shown that the numbers are rising again, due to unknown reasons. It has therefore been the motivation behind selecting this topic, to find out the reason behind the rising cases, including how to prevent, diagnose, and manage the condition, to reduce the mortality rates.

The most common type of stroke is ischemic stroke, which occurs due to the formation of a blood clot in the artery that supplies blood to the brain, causing a blockage. This blockage prevents the flow of blood and oxygen into brain, damaging the brain cells (Musuka et al., 2015). The common cause of the condition is the narrowing of the arteries, which is commonly caused by the gradual deposition of cholesterol on the artery walls (atherosclerosis). The effects that ischemic stroke has on a patient are life changing. It affects the vision, speech, the coordination and movement, and the general mental health of a patient.

Another critical issue to worry about stroke is the cost and the burden that the disease leaves on the healthcare services, on the economy; missed workdays, and on the medications. In my family, we had an individual who suffered from acute ischemic stroke, and the condition was worse. therefore, doing this research will help me found out the common and recent predisposing factors to the condition, and find out the advanced forms of treatment, that can help stroke patients live a smooth live a smooth life. 

Reply 1

Bioethics is governed by four major principles, namely: autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. The principle of autonomy requires healthcare professionals to respect the patient’s autonomy since the patient is considered to act intentionally and with understanding which mitigate against free and voluntary acts (McCormick, 2018). Nonmaleficence requires healthcare professionals to refrain from intentionally causing the patient harm or exposing them to injury through their acts and omissions. The principle advocates medical competence since proper standards of care are developed to avoid or minimize risks of harm.

The principle of beneficence imposes a duty on healthcare professionals to be of benefit patients and take positive steps towards prevention and elimination of harm. The duties imposes on healthcare professionals are deemed rational and widely accepted as proper goals of medicine. The principle is pivotal in the healthcare sector since the patient is able to develop a relationship with their care provider. Lastly, the principle of justice requires the fair distribution of services in short supply so that everyone qualifies for equal treatment.

The principle of autonomy is generally perceived the most important of all because the patient is always consulted first and their opinion should be respected. However, no hierarch should exists among the principles since the ultimate medical goal is providing the greatest benefit to the patient and each of the principles should be respected and balanced depending on the one that carries the most weight in a particular situation (Vaughn, 2019). Biblically, the principle that should be given utmost prominence is the principle of justice since humans are all equal before God and healthcare professionals should use their skills to improve everyone’s lives.

References

McCormick, T. R. (2018). Principles of Bioethics. Retrieved from UW Medicine: https://www.depts.washington.edu/bhdept/ethics-medocine/bioethics-topics/articles/principles-bioethics

Vaughn, L. (2019). Bioethics: Principles, Issues, and Cases.Oxford University Press.

Reply 2

Principles of Biomedic Ethics

There are four principles of biomedic ethics namely respect of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice (Lawrence, 2007). The first principle of respect for autonomy ascertains that patients have the right to make the decision of the kind of treatment they want and we should respect and honor their decision. The second principle of non-maleficence argues that medical practitioners should act according to the rules and regulations and not to instill harm to a patient. The third principle of beneficence indicates that practitioners should ensure that they offer the best care to their patients and promote their health. The last principle is justice, which entails fairness, where practitioners should ensure that they treat all the patients with fairness during the caregiving process, especially in terms of costs and benefits.

It is crucial for medical practitioners to ensure that they abide by all these four principles. During the caregiving process, it’s upon the practitioner to assess the situation and identify the best principle to apply. Respect to autonomy should be the principle to be considered first during the care-giving process. This is because a patient has the right to decide the kind of treatment they want to be administered to them and medical practitioners should respect their decision and follow through with the treatment process as the patient sees fit. Other principles of beneficence, non-maleficence and justice should follow in that order based on the situation. When it comes to biblical narrative, I believe that the first principle should be the principle of justice. Biblical narrative insists on the fairness of all individuals, which is also the ideology of the principle of justice. Other principles should follow as such, non-maleficence because the Bible indicates that we should not instill harm, followed by beneficence, and justice.

Reference

Lawrence D. J. (2007). The four principles of biomedical ethics: a foundation for current bioethical debate. Journal of Chiropractic Humanities, (14), 34–40. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=105887311&site=ehost-live&scope=site