Please reply to this discussion with one reference. 

The theory-practice gap is something that nurses encounter as they enter practice. A way that graduate education is working to bridge this gap is through middle-range theories and the doctor of nursing practice degree (Butts & Rich, 2017). Middle range theories and doctorate level nursing practice are attempting to cover the components missing from theory but used in everyday nursing practice. Since doctorate level nurses are very familiar with theory and have clinical expertise to understand the missing parts from theory needed for practice (Butts & Rich, 2017). Doctorate prepared nurses are also able to assist other nurses with this gap in knowledge to improve their practice (Butts & Rich, 2017). 

     I believe that the gap between theory and clinical practice is there and that it is the duty of practicing nurse clinicians to help bridge this gap. In a study by the International Journal of Caring Sciences, it was found one way to help close this gap was by the use of nursing clinical instructors (Akram, Mohamad, & Akram, 2018). These clinical instructors help students in clinical rotations understand the differences between theory and everyday practice (Akram, Mohamad, & Akram, 2018). It is important while nurses are in a student role to differentiate between theory that exists in a perfect world and actual real-world practice. Another important aspect is to ensure that these clinical instructors create an environment conducive to learning and stay up-to-date with the latest in policy and healthcare trends (Akram, Mohamad, & Akram, 2018). 

     Understanding theory and the impact it has on the nursing discipline is imperative in advancing nursing practice. Theory gives the basis for nursing practice and for nurses to be able to have a solid basis of practice they should understand theory (Butts & Rich, 2017). Nursing theory also helps nurses understand their assumptions, develop critical thinking skills and improve the ability to analyze complex situations (Ahtisham, & Jacoline, 2015). I believe that although many of the theories we study were formed in the past, they still have relevance to nursing practice today and help nurses advance their practice and develop the skills needed to thrive in the nursing profession. 

References

Ahtisham, Y., & Jacoline, S. (2015). Integrating Nursing Theory and Process into Practice; Virginia’s Henderson Need Theory. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 8(2), 443–450. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=102972280&site=eds-live

Akram, A. S., Mohamad, A., & Akram, S. (2018). The Role of Clinical Instructor in Bridging the Gap between Theory and Practice in Nursing Education. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 11(2), 876–882. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=131851628&site=eds-live

Butts, J. B. & Rich, K. (2017). Philosophies and Theories for Advanced Nursing Practice, Third Edition. [VitalSource Bookshelf version]. Retrieved from vbk://9781284143010

I have all of these assignments that are due every week and go adding up to the big paper that is due at the end. I was given the topic of Palliative Care/ End of life. I basically have to come up with a new study based on my topic playing the role of a psychiatrist. So pretty much the whole research has to be done from the viewpoint of a psychiatrist in palliative care/end of life. I am attaching the instructions and the rubric with examples. I need the 2 assignments before Saturday. The first one is just research but from journals and databases only. Must be APA and everything has to be cited correctly. The second one is basically the same but just making it in paragraph form. The documents attached will explain everything. Would appreciate any help thank you. 

 Details:
The first step of the EBP process is to develop a question from the nursing practice problem of interest.

Select a practice problem of interest to use as the focus of your research.

Start with the patient and identify the clinical problems or issues that arise from clinical care.

Following the PICOT format, write a PICOT statement in your selected practice problem area of interest, which is applicable to your proposed capstone project.

The PICOT statement will provide a framework for your capstone project (the project students must complete during their final course in the RN-BSN program of study).

Conduct a literature search to locate research articles focused on your selected practice problem of interest. This literature search should include both quantitative and qualitative peer-reviewed research articles to support your practice problem.

Select six peer-reviewed research articles which will be utilized through the next 5 weeks as reference sources. Be sure that some of the articles use qualitative research and that some use quantitative research. Create a reference list in which the six articles are listed. Beneath each reference include the article’s abstract. The completed assignment should have a title page and a reference list with abstracts.

Suggestions for locating qualitative and quantitative research articles from credible sources:

1. Use a library database such as CINAHL Complete for your search.
2. Using the advanced search page check the box beside “Research Article” in the “Limit Your Results” section.
3. When setting up the search you can type your topic in the top box, then add quantitative or qualitative as a search term in one of the lower boxes. Research articles often are described as qualitative or quantitative.

To narrow/broaden your search, remove the words qualitative and quantitative and include words that narrow or broaden your main topic. For example: Diabetes and pediatric and dialysis. To determine what research design was used, review the abstract and the methods section of the article. The author will provide a description of data collection using qualitative or quantitative methods.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

1-AG 

                                                    Process and Regulations of Fast Track

    New pharmacological agents go a long way in clinical trials and approvals from the Food and Drug Administration before entering a wide market and becoming available to needy patients in the United States. At the same time, for promising drugs that can significantly improve the results of existing therapy or fill a missing niche, this process can be accelerated using the Fast Track protocol (Woo & Robinson, 2015). The latter provides for the filing of a special application by a pharmacological company at the FDA office, which the latter examine within 60 days. If the medicine acquires Fast Track status, manufacturers receive a number of concessions, such as the right to more frequent correspondence and meetings with representatives of this state regulatory body and the possibility of cooperation in conducting a clinical trial. If convincing positive results are obtained, it is possible to obtain FDA approval after a single phase 2 clinical trial (Papadimitriou & Butler, 2017). In addition, the verification process of such a pharmacological agent is significantly reduced from 10 to 6 months.

                                                                    Medical Conditions

    In order to be able to obtain faster approval via the Fast Track protocol, the drug agent must meet a number of requirements. Specific medical conditions are not indicated, but it is prescribed that the effect of the drug should be aimed at treating a life-threatening or dangerous disease, such as heart failure (Papadimitriou & Butler, 2017). A prerequisite is either to improve the outcome of existing treatment, such as a reduction in mortality or disability, or a significant reduction in the toxicity of therapy (Woo & Robinson, 2015). In addition, medical conditions that do not have developed a pharmacological treatment, such as some rare and orphan diseases, are also eligible for faster approval from the FDA via the Fast Track protocol. Therefore, due to this possibility, patients will more quickly gain access to the most modern therapy and increase the chances of a more favorable outcome of treatment.                                                   

                                                                           References

Papadimitriou, L., & Butler, J. (2017). “Fast Track” Development and Approval Process for Heart Failure Therapeutics. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 102(2), 184-186.

Woo, T. M., & Robinson, M. V. (2015). Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice nurse prescribers. FA Davis.

2-MV

The FDA made it possible for critically needed medications to be introduced to the US market promptly using the “Fast Track” procedure.  “Fast Track” is a process designed to facilitate the development and expedite the review of drugs to treat serious conditions and fill an unmet medical need (Vaggelas & Seimetz, 2019).  With fast track, FDA is required by the statute to decide within 60 days of receipt of the request whether the conditions for fast track designation have been met (Vaggelas & Seimetz, 2019).  To be eligible for the fast track program, an applicant must submit a request with supporting documentation for fast track designation for the product and its proposed use (Darrow, Avorn, & Kesselheim, 2018).

The medical conditions that warrant “Fast Track” drugs are serious or life-threatening conditions and those conditions that result in unmet medical needs (Darrow et al., 2018).  Determining whether a condition is serious is a matter of judgment, but generally is based on whether the drug will have an impact on such factors as survival, day-to-day functioning, or the likelihood that the condition, if left untreated, will progress from a less severe condition to a more serious one.  Stroke, epilepsy, brain disorders, depression, AIDS, Alzheimer’s, heart failure, diabetes, and cancer are examples of serious conditions.  Filling an unmet medical need is defined as providing a therapy where none exists or providing a therapy which may be potentially better than available therapy (Darrow et al., 2018).

References

Darrow, J. J., Avorn, J., & Kesselheim, A. S. (2018). The FDA breakthrough-drug designation-four years of experience. N Engl J Med, 378(15), 1444-1453.

Vaggelas, A., & Seimetz, D. (2019). Expediting drug development: FDA’s new regenerative medicine advanced therapy designation. Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science, 53(3), 364-373. doi: 10.1177/2168479018779373