2023 Quantitative Annotated Bibliography In this week s discussion question you were asked to consider a potential problem appropriate

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Nursing 2023 Project week 1

Quantitative Annotated Bibliography In this week s discussion question you were asked to consider a potential problem appropriate 2023 Assignment

Quantitative Annotated Bibliography

In this week’s discussion question you were asked to consider a potential problem (appropriate to your role option) (See attached paper named POTENTIAL PROBLEM) that you would like to investigate through nursing research. For this assignment you will review current research from South’s Online Library and provide a critical evaluation on that research through an annotated bibliography. An annotated bibliography is a brief summary and analysis of the journal article reviewed. For more information on annotated bibliographies please visit Purdue’s OWL: Purdue Online Writing Lab

A total of two annotated bibliographies are to be submitted (not to exceed one page each). The articles must come from nursing scholarly literature and may not be older than 5 years since publication. Please note that the articles must be research based and reflect a quantitative methodology (review our reading assignments). Web pages, magazines, textbooks, and other books are not acceptable.

Each annotation must address the following critical elements:

  • Explanation of the main purpose and scope of the cited work
  • Brief description of the research conducted
  • Value and significance of the work (e.g., study’s findings, scope of the research project) as a contribution to the subject under consideration
  • Possible shortcomings or bias in the work
  • Conclusions or observations reached by the author
  • Summary as to why this research lends evidence to support the potential problem identified specific to your role option.

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2023 Purpose In this assignment you will assess the impact of health legislation on nursing practice and

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Nursing 2023 Healthcare Policy

Purpose In this assignment you will assess the impact of health legislation on nursing practice and 2023 Assignment

Purpose

In this assignment, you will assess the impact of health legislation on nursing practice and communicate your analysis to your peers. GovTrack.us provides a list of federal health bills that are currently in process in Congressional Committees.

Course Outcomes

This assignment enables the student to meet the following course outcomes:

CO4: Integrates clinical nursing judgment using effective communication strategies with patients, colleagues, and other healthcare providers. (PO#4)

CO7: Integrates the professional role of leader, teacher, communicator, and manager of care to plan cost-effective, quality healthcare to consumers in structured and unstructured settings. (PO#7)

Directions

A short tutorial with tips for completing this assignment may be viewed here: Healthcare Policy (Links to an external site.)

  1. This assignment will be in the format of a PowerPoint presentation (Bullet points may be used).
  2. You are educating your peers through this presentation regarding a federal bill you believe may be of interest to nurses.
  3. Go to https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/subjects/health/6130 (Links to an external site.)
  4. Choose a health-related federal bill of interest. Read through the bill and develop a summary in your own words. Include the bill number and name.
  5. Here is a link to our U.S. legislative process (bill to law) for review, if needed.

https://www.congress.gov/legislative-process (Links to an external site.)

Tutorial: For those not familiar with the development of a PowerPoint slideshow, the following link to the Microsoft website may be helpful –

https://support.office.com/office-training-center?redirectSourcePath=%252fen-us%252farticle%252fb8f02f81-ec85-4493-a39b-4c48e6bc4bfb

Include the following information in your presentation

  • Title slide (Your name, NR451, session, Healthcare Policy assignment)
  • Bill name and number (indicate either H.B. or S.B.)
  • Bill summary (in your own words)
  • Address how this bill might impact professional nursing practice standards if passed? If not passed?
  • How might the bill impact your own nursing practice?
  • How might you communicate your concerns about or support for this bill based on nursing practice, standards, or patient outcomes?
  • How might this bill impact your community?
  • References slide to include the Bill source in APA format.
  • No more than 12 slides

Template

There is no required form or template for this assignment. Please use PowerPoint best practices throughout your presentation.

Best Practices

The following are best practices in preparing this presentation.

  • Review directions and rubric thoroughly prior to beginning assignment.
  • Watch short Kaltura video.Incorporate graphics, clip art, or photographs to increase interest.
  • Make slides easy to read with short bullet points and large font.

Source Citations

Cite all sources on the appropriate slides with (author, year) as well as on the Reference slide.

  • Spell check for spelling and grammar errors prior to final submission.
  • Use the rubric as a final check prior to submission to ensure all content is clearly addressed.

Reminder

Before preparing your assignment, please review this “Crediting Sources Made Simple (https://lms.courselearn.net/lms/content/1560/56460/NR451/Crediting%20Sources%20Made%20Simple%207-19.pdf)“ resource. This tool is intended to help you understand scholarly writing, APA, referencing, and crediting. Please reach out to your instructor with any questions as you prepare your assignment.

References: American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

American Nursing Association [ANA]. (2015). Nursing: Scope and standards of practice (3rd ed.). Silver Spring, MD: American Nurses Publishing.

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2023 What is one way that you as a nurse can take a more active role in

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Nursing 2023 Health Promotion and Epidemiology

What is one way that you as a nurse can take a more active role in 2023 Assignment

-What is one way that you, as a nurse, can take a more active role in health promotion/disease prevention with your patients and within your community?

-Do you feel that discussing health promotion/disease prevention with your patients is part of your professional responsibility as a registered nurse? Why, or why not?

For your original post, please respond to these questions providing scholarly support for your opinions. Remember to include an APA formatted in-text citation and corresponding reference from a recent (within last 5 years) professional journal or website (NIH, CDC, etc.).

An APA formatted in-text citation and corresponding reference from a recent (within last 5 years) professional journal or website (NIH, CDC, etc.) are required in your initial discussion post. Blogs, magazines, and news

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2023 Mrs Li Huan a 79 year old Chinese American widow who lives alone in New York City s

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Nursing 2023 Creating Culturally Competent Health Care Organizations

Mrs Li Huan a 79 year old Chinese American widow who lives alone in New York City s 2023 Assignment

Mrs. Li Huan, a 79-year-old Chinese American widow who lives alone in New York City’s Chinatown recently had a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or stroke. Mrs. Li has right-sided paralysis with partial loss of voluntary movement and sensation in her right arm and leg. Mrs. Li has weak facial muscles, difficulty with speech, and drooling. She experiences numbness and tingling in her arms and legs. Mrs. Li is going to a rehabilitation center known for delivering culturally competent interprofessional care where she is cared for by a team of credentialed health care providers: Dr. Indira Patel, nurse J.J. Johnson, physical therapist Mohammad Abu Said, dietician Maria Gonzalez, and Chinese American herbalist, Chen Minzhe.

(Note: In traditional Chinese culture, a person’s last name or surname is written first, followed by his/her first name. Therefore, the patient’s last name is Li and the herbalist’s last name is Chen. It is proper etiquette to call a person of Chinese background by his/her title, in this case, Mrs. Li and Mr. Chen until the individual gives you permission to use his/her first name. To further confuse matters, many acculturated Chinese Americans are likely to reverse their first and last names in the typical US or Canadian order. Therefore, it is important to ask the patient, “What is your first name? What is your last name?” Note the correct order on the patient’s chart for other members of the team.)

  1. How do members of the interprofessional team assess Mrs. Li’s literacy, diet, and medications, including herbal medicines being provided by her herbalist, Mr. Chen?
  2. How do the nurse and other members of the team determine if complementary or integrative treatments, such as medicinal herbs, are helpful, harmful, or neutral to Mrs. Li’s recovery?
  3. If you were seeking advice or consultation from a traditional Chinese herbalist in your community, how would you locate one?
  4. Why do patients seek treatment from alternative and integrative healers?
  5. How can credentialed health care providers work collaboratively with Mr. Chen to ensure that prescription medicines and herbs are compatible and that there are no adverse or harmful interactions between various medicines?
  6. What strategies would you recommend to promote Mrs. Li’s optimum functioning and health following her CVA? (Andrews & Boyle, Transcultural Concepts in Nursing Care, 7th Edition).

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2023 Discussion Question Develop a wellness program with a holistic approach for the older adult you identified

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Nursing 2023 nursing gerentology

Discussion Question Develop a wellness program with a holistic approach for the older adult you identified 2023 Assignment

 

Discussion Question

Develop a wellness program with a holistic approach for the older adult you identified, using resources available in your community. Discuss how this approach will prove an optimum level of well-being. (YOU CAN USE THE ARTICLE IN THE BELLOW LINK AS A GUIDE , ALSO DIFFERNTS RESOURCES)

 

article on how different cultures deal with aging.

 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3183740/ 

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2023 Begin searching for a peer reviewed article that pertains to your practice area and interests you

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Nursing 2023 Cite The Peer-reviewed Article

Begin searching for a peer reviewed article that pertains to your practice area and interests you 2023 Assignment

Begin searching for a peer-reviewed article that pertains to your practice area and interests you.

Post the following:

Using proper APA formatting, cite the peer-reviewed article you selected that pertains to your practice area and is of particular interest to you and identify the database that you used to search for the article. Explain any difficulties you experienced while searching for this article. Would this database be useful to your colleagues? Explain why or why not. Would you recommend this database? Explain why or why not.     My practice area is FNP,  Geriatrics making the exam comfortable 

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2023 Learning styles represent the different approaches to learning based on preferences weaknesses and strengths For learners to best achieve

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Nursing 2023 VARK Analysis Paper

Learning styles represent the different approaches to learning based on preferences weaknesses and strengths For learners to best achieve 2023 Assignment

Learning styles represent the different approaches to learning based on preferences, weaknesses, and strengths. For learners to best achieve the desired educational outcome, learning styles must be considered when creating a plan. Complete “The VARK Questionnaire,” located on the VARK website, and then complete the following:

  1. Click “OK” to receive your questionnaire scores.
  2. Once you have determined your preferred learning style, review the corresponding link to view your learning preference.
  3. Review the other learning styles: visual, aural, read/write, kinesthetic, and multimodal (listed on the VARK Questionnaire Results page).
  4. Compare your current preferred learning strategies to the identified strategies for your preferred learning style.
  5. Examine how awareness of learning styles has influenced your perceptions of teaching and learning.

In a paper (750‐1,000 words), summarize your analysis of this exercise and discuss the overall value of learning styles. Include the following:

  1. Provide a summary of your learning style according the VARK questionnaire.
  2. Describe your preferred learning strategies. Compare your current preferred learning strategies to the identified strategies for your preferred learning style.
  3. Describe how individual learning styles affect the degree to which a learner can understand or perform educational activities. Discuss the importance of an educator identifying individual learning styles and preferences when working with learners.
  4. Discuss why understanding the learning styles of individuals participating in health promotion is important to achieving the desired outcome. How do learning styles ultimately affect the possibility for a behavioral change? How would different learning styles be accommodated in health promotion?

Cite to at least three peer‐reviewed or scholarly sources to complete this assignment. Sources should be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. 

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

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2023 Discussion Disorders of the Reproductive Systems While the male and female reproductive systems are unique to

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Nursing 2023 Disorders Of The Reproductive Systems

Discussion Disorders of the Reproductive Systems While the male and female reproductive systems are unique to 2023 Assignment

            Discussion: Disorders of the Reproductive Systems

While the male and female reproductive systems are  unique to each sex, they share a common function—reproduction. Disorders  of this system range from delayed development to structural and  functional abnormalities. Since many reproductive disorders not only  result in physiological consequences but also psychological consequences  such as embarrassment, guilt, or profound disappointment, patients are  often hesitant to seek treatment. Advanced practice nurses need to  educate patients on disorders and help relieve associated stigmas.  During patient evaluations, patients must feel comfortable answering  questions so that you, as a key health care provider, will be able to  diagnose and recommend treatment options. As you begin this Discussion,  consider reproductive disorders that you would commonly see in the  clinical setting.

                                           To Prepare

Review Chapter 22 and Chapter 23 in the  Hammer and McPhee text, as well as Chapter 33 and 34 in the Huether and McCance text.

Select two disorders of the male and/or female  reproductive systems that interest you. 

Consider the similarities and  differences between the disorders.

Select one of the following factors: genetics,  ethnicity, age, or behavior. 

Think about how the factor you selected  might impact the diagnosis of and treatment for the reproductive  disorders. 

Post a description of the two  reproductive disorders you selected, including their similarities and  differences. Then explain how the factor you selected might impact the  diagnosis of treatment for the reproductive disorders. 

 

NOTE: This is the link of the book you have to use

https://drive.google.com/file/d/12MGt6z2PicuM1y4rM-SN8rpGD09-Tmkj/view?usp=sharing
https://drive.google.com/file/d/12MGt6z2PicuM1y4rM-SN8rpGD09-Tmkj/view?usp=sharing
 

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2023 Respond using one or more of the following approaches Ask a probing question substantiated with

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Nursing 2023 Group E post

Respond using one or more of the following approaches Ask a probing question substantiated with 2023 Assignment

  

 

Respond using one or more of the following approaches:

Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, and evidence.

Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives.

Statistical Methods in Qualitative Research 

  

Statistical Method

What is measured by this method

Circumstances for Use

Examples of use in Research Studies

 

Qualitative Content Analysis

Analyzes narrative data, and in-depth interviews. Can evaluate large volumes of data with   intent to identify recurring themes and patterns. Attempts to break down   elements of data into clusters. May be concurrent or sequential (Polit &Beck,   2017).

Good method for evaluating personal histories, perspectives,   experiences. Best method for studying personal, sensitive situations (Sauro,   2015).

Examples of this methodology include evaluation of the experience of a   rape victim, what it feels like to have an abortion, how it feels to have   lived through a disaster.

 

Ethnographic analysis

Evaluates cultural phenomena, patterns, perspectives. Requires   “participant observer” technique. No preconceived hypothesis. May take months or years to complete. Maps and flowcharts are tools to help   illustrate findings (Polit & Beck, 2017).

Method to “acquire a deep understanding of the culture being studied”   (Polit & Beck, 2017 p. 538).

An example of ethnographic analysis could include a research study   with ethnographers integrating with Native Americans living on a reservation   while observing everyday life seeking to extrapolate overlying cultural   issues.

 

Phenomenologic Analysis

Attempts to understand the   essence of experiencing a particular phenomenon by observation, interviews,   and outside research. Descriptive analysis 

Method for understanding individual perspectives of experiencing a   certain phenomenon. Seeks to extrapolate commonalities and themes among   subjects (Sauro, 2015). 

Conducting interviews with persons who have experienced   hallucinations, with the intent to understand their perspective and   experience of the phenomenon, is an example of this method of research.

 

Grounded Theory Analysis

Aim is to provide theories and explanations for phenomena based on   previously coded information Uses interviews and previous accepted research. Unlike Qualitative content analysis, which   seeks to break down information, Grounded theory strives to put information   back together (Polit & Beck, 2017).

Method for development of theories, Could be used meta-analyses or   systematic reviews.

An example of a grounded theory analysis is” Beck’s (2002) model of   mothering twins” as cited in Polit & Beck (2017).

 

Focus Group Analysis 

Analyzes group data in relation to a specific topic. Group interviews, recordings, and field   notes .are instruments for conducting this type of research.

May be used for evaluation of a potential survey tool, consensus on a   new product. Researchers seek to   extrapolate recurring themes.

An example of a focus group analysis might be to evaluate perceptions   of a new product being marketed to test for general consensus of its   desirability. 

Quasi-statistics: a tabulation of the frequency with which certain themes or insights are supported by the data

Qualitative content analysis: analysis of the content of narrative data to identify prominent themes and patterns among the themes

Domain analysis: 1st of 4 levels of data analysis, domains are units of cultural knowledge, are broad categories that encompass smaller ones. Ethnographers identify rational patterns among terms in the domains are used by members of the culture. Ethnographer focuses on the cultural meaning of terms and symbols used in a culture

Taxonomic analysis: second level of data analysis, ethnographers decides how many domains the analysis will encompass. Taxonomy is then developed to illustrate the internal organization of a domain and the relationship among the subcategories of the domain

Taxonomy: a system of classifying and organizing terms

Componential analysis: relationships among terms in the domains are examined; ethnographer analyzes data for similarities and differences among cultural terms in a domain.

Theme analysis: cultural themes are uncovered; domains are connected in cultural themes, which help to provide a holistic view of the culture being studied. The discovery of cultural meaning is the outcome.

Holistic approach: researchers view the text as a whole and try to capture is meanings 

Selective approach: researchers highlight or pull out statements or phrases that seem essential to the experience under study 

Detailed approach: researchers analyze every sentence 

Hermeneutic circle: signifies a methodological process in which to reach understanding, there is continual movement between the parts and the whole of the text being analyzed 

Exemplars: illuminate aspects of a paradigm case or theme

Substantive codes: substance of the topic under study is conceptualized through substantive codes. Substantive codes are either open or selective

Open coding: used in the first stage of the constant comparative analysis, 

captures what is going on in the data. May be actual words stated by participant. In open coding, 

data are broken down into incidents and their similarities and differences are examined. Raw  

data interpreted 

Three Levels of Open Coding: Levels I, II, III

Level I codes: in vivo codes, derived directly from the language of the 

substantive area and have vivid imagery 

Level II codes: Researchers constantly compare new level one codes to 

previously identified ones and then condense them into broader level II 

codes

Level III codes: theoretical constructs, most abstract, add scope beyond local 

meanings

Core category: pattern of behavior that is relevant and/or problematic for participants

Selective coding: can have 3 levels of abstraction, researchers code only those data that are related to the core variable

Basic social process (BSP): evolves over time in two or more phases, all BSP’s are core variables, but not all core variables have to be BSPs

Emergent fit: prevents individual substantive theories from being “respected little islands of knowledge”

Axial coding: analyst codes for context

Paradigm: used as an analytical strategy to help integrate structure and process

Central category: core category, which is the main theme of the research 

Initial coding: pieces of data (words, lines, segments, incidents) are studied so the researcher begins to learn what the participants view as problematic 

Focused coding: the analysis is directed toward using the most significant codes from the initial coding

Congruent methodological approach: analyzes interaction data in the same manner as a group or individual data 

Sociograms: can be used to understand the flow of conversation as it goes around the members of the focus group

Incubation: process of living the data, a process in which researchers must try to understand their meanings, find their essential patterns, and draw legitimate, insightful conclusions

Conceptual files: physical files in which coded excerpts of data relevant to specific categories are placed

Themes: involves the discovery nor only of commonalities across participants but also of natural variation and patterns in the data

Metaphors: figurative comparisons used to evoke a visual or symbolic analogy

Quasi-statistics: involves a tabulation of the frequency with which certain themes or relations are supported by the data

Qualitative content analysis: can vary in terms of an emphasis on manifest content or latent content and in the role of induction

Managing Qualitative Data

Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS): a program that can take uploaded data files, code the narratives, retrieve information, and display text for analysis

Text Box: • Text retrievers-locate text and terms in a database. • Code-and-retrieve packages allow researchers to code text. • Theory building software functions to examine relationships between concepts, develop hierarchies of codes, diagram, and create hyperlinks to create nonhierarchical networks. • Concept mapping constructs sophisticated diagrams. • Data conversion/collection software converts audio into text.

Within a qualitative data analysis there is not statistical tests, because qualitative research is based on thoughts, open ended questions, interpretations and interviews not numerical values. Data within qualitative research is understood and analyzed during the entirety of the process. “Researchers interpret the data as they read and reread them, categorize and code them, inductively develop a thematic analysis, and integrate the themes into a unified whole,” (Polit & Beck, 2017, p.549). There is not a step by step understanding of how the process occurs of interpreting the data, researchers “live” within the data by understanding the meanings, looking for patterns, draw valid, discerning conclusions. An additional importance of understanding of the facts is having the inventiveness to find the “aha” meaning of the information and discovery of the meanings of the facts gained (Polit & Beck, 2017). 

The importance of the interpretation is just as important as the validity of the data. Thorough and sensible researchers have a high standard of their data interpretation by dissecting themselves, peers and outside reviewers. It is vital that the qualitative researchers consider possible different explanations or meanings other than their own (Polit & Beck, 2017).

It is important nurses to understand statistical data because this is a large part of the work nurses base the practice on is evidence based, which means understanding the research behind the reason of the practice is important to understand. According to Hayat, it is important to understand the difference between statistical significance and clinical importance, researchers tend to use statistics to claim proof and scientific breakthrough. Significance testing can be used to decide which data may be considered evidence to support a practice change (2010). “Judgment and subjectivity are necessary and part of the decision-making process. Statistical significance is not a measure of importance; it is a subjective and qualitative construct. Researchers conducting quantitative analyses should quantify the magnitude of an effect. The value of the data collected should be assessed by examining study design, bias, and confounding variables, as well as meaningfulness of the results to the topic under study,” (Hayat, 2010, p.222). Nurses must consider this and have an understanding when utilizing statistical methods to base their practice changes. 

References

Hayat, M. J. (2010). Understanding Statistical Significance. Nursing Research, 59(3), 219–223

Polit, D.E. & Beck, C.T. (2017). Nursing Research: Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing 

Practice 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer

Sauro, J., (2015. October 13). Five types of qualitative methods, Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/4PXXCYp.

By: Casey Hoffman, Tami Frazier, Sarah Pudenz, and Elizabeth Wilson

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2023 Respond on two different days who selected a different scenario than you in one or more of

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Nursing 2023 Post Monica

Respond on two different days who selected a different scenario than you in one or more of 2023 Assignment

Respond on two different days who selected a different scenario than you, in one or more of the following ways:

Share insights on how the factor you selected impacts the disorder your colleague identified.

Ask a probing question regarding the disorder that your colleague identified.

Suggest an alternative disorder for the scenario your colleague selected.

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Scenario 3:

 

Maria is a 36-year-old who presents for evaluation of a cough. She is normally a healthy young lady with no significant medical history. She takes no medications and does not smoke. She reports that she was in her usual state of good health until approximately 3 weeks ago when she developed a “really bad cold.” The cold is characterized by a profound, deep, mucus-producing cough. She denies any rhinorrhea or rhinitis—the primary problem is the cough. She develops these coughing fits that are prolonged, very deep, and productive of a lot of green sputum. She hasn’t had any fever but does have a scratchy throat. Maria has tried over-the-counter cough medicines but has not had much relief. The cough keeps her awake at night and sometimes gets so bad that she gags and dry heaves.

Acute Cough

     Coughs are the body’s way of clearing airways via forceful expiration.  Inflammation, inhaled particles, accumulated mucus, or foreign bodies stimulate a cough reflex by irritant receptor stimulation in the airway.  An acute cough is classified as lasting 2-3 weeks, and chronic cough is greater than three weeks in a non-smoker. Frequent cough causes are allergic rhinitis, upper respiratory infections, pneumonia, aspiration, pulmonary embolus, and congestive heart failure.  Due to the above-listed scenario, this cough would be diagnosed as acute cough due to timeframe, cough characteristics, and patient history (Huether & McCance, 2019).

Green Sputum

     Sputum contains immune cells and white blood cells from the lower respiratory tract that protect the airway from infections.  Sputum can be clear or colored.  Color sputum may be yellow, white, green, red or blood-tinged, or pink.  Neutrophils are white blood cells that can take on a green color.  This color sputum can be indicative of bacterial infections of the lower respiratory tract.  Pneumonia and cystic fibrosis can produce this color sputum.  To indeed rule out something benign, a sputum culture would need to be obtained and tested (Verywell Health, 2019).  At three weeks in, it would likely be premature to order cultures with limited symptoms. 

Treatment

     Due to the timeframe of cough and only accompanying symptom being green sputum, as a practitioner, I would prescribe an expectorant and schedule a follow up if symptoms persist or worsen.  Teaching should include that adverse effects of expectorants might be GI upset, headache, drowsiness, and dizziness.  Advise patient that expectorants are designed to be short-term (Arcangelo, Peterson, Wilbur, & Reinhold, 2017). Additional home treat to loosen secretions would be a humidifier, staying adequately hydrated and warm salt water gargles if sore throat should appear (Barkley, 2018).

Patient Factors- Behavior and Age

          Maria is an otherwise, healthy 36-year-old female.  Due to her age and symptom status, Maria would be treated conservatively.  Maria is a non-smoker and takes no prescribed medications.  Further investigation would be required if she was a smoker, currently on prescriptions medications, had current disease processes that may factor into the treatment plan.

References

Arcangelo,  V. P., Peterson, A. M., Wilbur, V., & Reinhold, J. A. (Eds.).  (2017). Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice: A practical approach (4th ed.). Ambler, PA: Lippincott Williams  & Wilkins.

Barkley, T.  (2018).  Adult-gerontology primary care nurse practitioner.  West Hollywood, CA:  Barkley & Associates.

Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

Verywell Health.  (2019). What causes the amount of sputum to increase?  Retrieved from https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-sputum-2249192

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