Comment 1

P-values or significance level is commonly used (e.g. clinical trials) to determine whether hypothesis tested (comparison of groups’ characteristics) was significant or not. Often outcomes are labeled with “statistically significant” “non-statistically significant” “unlikely due to chance”, or “due to chance”, and so forth. Researchers make conclusions whether to reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis, vice versa, based on significant level.

Alpha levels are set depending on nature of experiments. Researchers set rate how much error is tolerable. For instance, 0.01 alpha level is more liberal than a conservative 0.001 alpha level. Many clinical trials choose alpha level of 0.05. Those drugs on clinical trial with higher alpha level of 0.05 rarely receive FDA approval. In a Phase II clinical trial, where effectiveness and safety is still being evaluated and there are fewer treatment options (for example for rare type diseases), scientist might set a liberal alpha level (Palesch, 2014). Many higher alpha levels are driven by studies’ cost and lower alpha levels by risks such as possible lifelong disability or death. For instance, in Phase III clinical trial such as testing efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) on post stroke patients require a conservative alpha level such as 0.02 (Rusyniak, et al. 2018,) or even more stringent level.

Comment 2

The Greek letter alpha is significant in hypothesis testing.  There is not a universal value of alpha that should be used on all statistical tests. Choosing the alpha level is a judgement call of the researcher and it depends on the situation.  Raising the alpha level poses more risk to type I and type II errors. Raising the alpha level is
usually related to having a small or limited sample size.

An experiment when the alpha level 0.01l might be used is in a study of a medical screen for a disease. An example, testing for cancer.  All possibilities must be considered when the choosing the alpha level, The possibilities that he test may give a false positive report of cancer along with a report of egative when the disease was actually positive but the test did not catch the isease. A false positive will increase the patient’s anxiety leading to other ests and in the end the test was negative. This creates a type 1 error. The patient hat tested negative will not get the treatment that they needed for the isease which can lead to death and this is a type II error.  Increasing the alpha level to 0.1 could result n a lower likelihood of a false negative

Dr. Smith has a full morning of minor office surgeries scheduled for today. Sarah, his nurse, has set up the room and prepared the patient. Prior to starting, Dr. Smith requests anesthetic without epinephrine due to the location of the surgical site. Searching the drawers and supply closet, Sarah reports, “We don’t have any.”
 

Fortunately, Sarah was able to borrow a vial from the physician in an adjacent office suite. Investigation by the office manager reveals that the supply was not reordered when the previous stock was disposed of due to its expiration date. This disruption in supply chain management resulted in an inefficient use of physician time and an uncomfortable situation in the presence of a patient.
 

Create a 2-page executive summary explaining to your staff the significant of stocking, placing timely orders, and provide a step by step method on what to do in order to avoid this type of situation in Dr. Smith’s office.
 

Gather your research from at least 2 sources other than your textbook. Cite your sources using APA guidelines. All submitted work should be free of grammatical errors.

 Using your research paper, write an extended outline of how the content of the paper could be converted into an oral presentation. Structure the outline to include all the major sections of the paper and write out the text that would appear for each section.

Use the “Sample PowerPoint Presentation” as an example for your PowerPoint presentation. It is provided as a template, but it is not required to be used if you wish to use a different PowerPoint presentation template.

Produce a 12–20 slide PowerPoint presentation to report the results of your research paper. Refer to the lectures, the textbook chapters, and the article above to design your talk.

Include suggestions of which figures in your paper should be included in the talk and how they may or may not need to be modified.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.

Critical Thinking: Organizational Change and Workforce Management (150 Points)

Saudi Hospital System (SHS, a fictitious organization) has been facing many serious issues including leadership problems, staffing deficiencies, and financial hardship. Challenges include:

• High      staff turnover, which doubled to 20% in the past two years, is expected to      rise.
• SHS      is in the process of implementing complex and expensive multi-year      healthcare information systems such as Electronic Health Record and other      critical-need clinical information systems.
• SHS      is facing significant competition from other local healthcare facilities.

Last year, a new Chief Executive Officer (CEO) was hired. He identified the current organizational culture as apathetic, leaderless, and resistant to change. He also noted that the staff was under stress, resisting teamwork, accepting mediocrity, and compromising patient safety values and industry best practices. The CEO noted that critical human resources functions were broken and that financial performance was suffering. He attributed this to a variety of process issues as well as to the lack of focus on the core business of patient care.

In response, he decided to implement the following strategies:

• change      the organizational culture
• improve      human resources and workforce practices and outcomes
• ensure      the organization’s solvency and financial viability in the long run
• cut      costs across the board, including implementing a labor-reduction strategy      (salary and benefits), with an aggressive timeline to turn around the      financial bottom line.

Within a few months after these strategies were implemented, the SHS started to show less of a financial loss and seemed to stabilize financially. The morale of the staff, however, took a significant hit in the wrong direction. Staff turnover increased as the sense of job security decreased and as an increasing number of valued and critical staff in all areas left. Soon, SHS experienced an increase in patient complaints and lowered customer service, with signs of impact on clinical patient outcomes.

Now the CEO wants to create a dynamic long-term organization and human resources strategic plan to put SHS on the right track. To formulate and implement this plan, the CEO hired a well-known consultant who is tasked with performing a system-wide organization and human resources assessment.

Within the scope of this assessment is the development and formulation of a multilevel strategic program. This new program is to be implemented system-wide with the goal of helping SHS leaders to understand the link among finances, employee morale, human resources functions, and patient satisfaction. The end goal of this assessment is to create a culture of accountability; to shift the culture to one of services after two years; to attract, hire, and retain quality staff; and to implement best practices in workforce management. 

Assume that you are the consultant whom the CEO hired to do this assessment project. Your main task is to identify the key components involved in changing the organizational culture and to identify the steps needed to generate sustainable change. Here are the deliverables that the CEO wants to see from you:

1. Develop a comprehensive organization and human resources strategic plan. The plan has two major sections: Organization Development and Human Resources.  The CEO expects you to create your plan using benchmarking and by integrating human resources and organization development best practices from other healthcare organizations, as well as from other industries.

2. The Organization Development section will address the following items:

· Workplace communication

· Motivation

· Conflict Management.

3. The Human Resources section will address the following items:

· Organizational and human resources systems that need to be in place to effect positive organizational outcomes

· Performance management system

· Process of training and development and the contribution to the organization’s bottom line

· Key action steps required to develop the plan.

Your well-written paper should meet the following requirements:

• Be      6-8 pages in length, not including the required cover and reference pages.
• Formatted      according to Saudi Electronic University and APA writing guidelines.
• Provide      support for your statements with in-text citations from a minimum of six      scholarly articles from peer-reviewed journal articles.