Today, it is clear that evidence-based practice continues to result in tremendous patient outcomes.  Melynk and Fineout-Overholt (2015) discuss that as with any scope of the healthcare field, evidenced-based practices heighten ethical concerns.  Some of the ambitions hidden in the advancement of evidence-based practice are, at the core, ethical (p. 515).  However, it is critical to consistently ensure the protection of personal rights in those subjects involved in research studies.  

Methods  

In order to protect the personal rights of human subjects involved in research studies, it is vital for providers to be aware of the federal regulations and policies that are in place.  Bierer, Barnes, and Lynch (2017) explain that the research with human subjects is funded by federal agencies and is controlled by a set of regulations and methods that were created in order to protect study participants while facilitating the advancement of research (p. 784).  These federal regulations assist in protecting basic human rights, such as beneficence, and help in defending vulnerable populations from experiencing harm.  Furthermore, the Institutional Review Board must grant approval for the research study to commence.  Bierer, Barnes, and Lynch (2017) explain that the Institutional Review Board must meticulously review the ethics and appropriateness of a proposed research project and the participation of the enlisted human subjects (p. 786).  

It is also essential to identify vulnerable human subjects that are involved in a research project.  Clark and Preto (2018) discuss that vulnerability has emerged and is identified in research as one’s inability to defend one’s own best interests, awareness to harm, and various determinants to one’s determinants of health (p. 308).  Providing patients with a thorough education and pertinent handouts regarding the details of the study is key.  Bierer, Barnes, and Lynch (2017) explain that individuals that are registered in a research study must be given a comprehensive understanding of the risks, benefits, and other pertinent information (p. 784).  

Conclusion 

It is critical to consistently ensure the protection of personal rights of those individuals enlisted in a research project.  Davis (2018) emphasizes that in order to protect human participants in research, organizations must follow policies for the protection of human research subjects.  Regardless of whether research takes place in medical or private facilities, human subject protection can only be guaranteed if the Institutional Review Board closely oversees the research it has approved (p. 92).  

References 

Bierer, B. E., Barnes, M., & Lynch, H. F. (2017). Revised ‘common rule’ shapes protection for 

              research participants. Health Affairs, 36(5), 784-788. 

Clark, B., & Preto, N. (2018). Exploring the concept of vulnerability in healthcare. Canadian 

Medical Association Journal, 190(11), 308-309. 

Davis, S. (2018). Monitoring of approved studies: A difficult tightrope walk by ethics 

              committees. Perspectives in Clinical Research, 9(2), 91-94. 

Melnyk, B. M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2015). Evidence-based practice in nursing and healthcare: 

A guide to best practice (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health.  

 

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The practice of health care providers at all levels brings you into contact with people from a variety of faiths. This calls for knowledge and acceptance of a diversity of faith expressions.

The purpose of this paper is to complete a comparative ethical analysis of George’s situation and decision from the perspective of two worldviews or religions: Christianity and a second religion of your choosing. For the second faith, choose a faith that is unfamiliar to you. Examples of faiths to choose from include Sikh, Baha’i, Buddhism, Shintoism, etc.

In your comparative analysis, address all of the worldview questions in detail for Christianity and your selected faith. Refer to Chapter 2 of Called to Care for the list of questions. Once you have outlined the worldview of each religion, begin your ethical analysis from each perspective.

In a minimum of 1,500-2,000 words, provide an ethical analysis based upon the different belief systems, reinforcing major themes with insights gained from your research, and answering the following questions based on the research:

1. How would each religion interpret the nature of George’s malady and suffering? Is there a “why” to his disease and suffering? (i.e., is there a reason for why George is ill, beyond the reality of physical malady?)
2. In George’s analysis of his own life, how would each religion think about the value of his life as a person, and value of his life with ALS?
3. What sorts of values and considerations would each religion focus on in deliberating about whether or not George should opt for euthanasia?
4. Given the above, what options would be morally justified under each religion for George and why?
5. Finally, present and defend your own view.

What advice would you give to someone who is struggling with coding for the Obstetrics section?  What are some of the things he/she should be mindful of?  What do you think makes obstetrics coding different from other coding sections?What advice would you give to someone who is struggling with coding for the Obstetrics section?  What are some of the things he/she should be mindful of?  What do you think makes obstetrics coding different from other coding sections? 100 words is good for this

Match the section and root operations with the description.

 

Pregnancy with abortive outcome

 

Supervision of high-risk pregnancy

 

Edema, proteinuria, and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium

 

Other maternal disorders predominantly related to pregnancy

 

Maternal care related to the fetus and amniotic cavity and possible delivery problems

 

Complications of labor and delivery

 

Encounter for delivery

Complications predominantly related to the puerperium

Other obstetric conditions, not elsewhere classified

Not elsewhere classifiable

A.O09

B.O20–O29

C.O9A

D.O94–O9A

E.O00–O08

F.O85–O92

G.O80, O82

H.O10–O16

I.O60–O77

J.O30–O48

Question 3 

Discuss the Obstetrics section of the ICD-10-PCS. Explain the history and layout, and describe a code out of the section.

Your response must be a minimum of 200 words in length.

Question 4

Discuss the Placement section of the ICD-10-PCS. Please give an example procedure. Code for the procedure, and explain the procedure in detail. You can use a variety of options to explain such as the device being used and/or the method of approach.

Your response must be a minimum of 200 words in length.

                               Competency Assignment 2

Personal Health Records (PHRs) are designed to give consumers access and control of their health information.  PHRs are tools that give consumers a view of their health care data, either from information they have entered, information linked to their health care provider, or information generated from insurance claim data.

As Personal Health Records (PHRs) proliferate, the consumer is faced with many choices.  PHRs offered through insurance plans and employers limit the consumer choices but they do provide links to clinical data.  Stand-alone web-based PHRs offer more features but with little interface to the patient’s current clinical information.

While there are numerous Personal Health Record products available, the industry is still at an introduction to growth stage.  There are no established standards such as those available with electronic medical records and no agency that certifies the offerings.  The consumer must rely on their own criteria in choosing a product.

Some of the criteria that have proven to be critical for electronic medical records and for health web site services can be combined to apply them to PHRs.  They include: privacy, security, usability, portability, completeness, vendor reliability, and access/availability.

1. Availability/Access:  This refers to the consumer’s ability to access and manage their personal record via the Web.  Access also includes minimal accessibility standards defined by the W3C and by federal laws (508 compliance).
2. Completeness: This refers to the information fields available in the records.  The basic PHR should capture, demographics, health behaviors, social history, family health history, allergies, medications, lab results, past medical care, current existing conditions, physician information, insurance information, etc.
3. Privacy: Web site has published privacy policy that protects individually identifiable information (no disclosure without consent).  Privacy refers to policies that protect the unauthorized secondary usage of information.  The PHR should indicate if it meets HIPAA security requirements.
4. Security: This refers to the technical protections available on the system including passwords, authentication mechanisms, secure connections, etc.  In an ideal situation, the site should have a consumer-accessible audit log to see who has viewed the information.  The site should also provide details of if/when the consumer is notified about breaches of security.  Are you aware of the site security through policies and symbols?
5. Usability: This refers to the features available on the site. The PHR should provide the ability for a non-technical or not IT-related individual to easily join, navigate, and enter information. The level of jargon on the site as well as navigation links can influence the perceived usage.  A novice user should be able to successfully complete registration, information entry, printing, saving, and information retrieval. Is there help or support available? Is the information presented using “common language” or is it full of jargon (Basically, can you grandmother understand it? Can someone with an 8th grade reading level understand it?)
6. Portability: This refers to the consumer’s ability to move records out of the current provider to others.  This feature can be both via paper or electronic. Is the information portable – do you have to print it?  Can you electronically download any of the information?  Can you email the information?
7. Vendor reliability: This refers to the reliability and history of the vendor.  A new service may not have the ability to continue business operations and has a high chance of closure.  Vendors linked to or partnering with sponsoring national organization provide more stability.

Use the criteria provide to evaluate, search for a PHR.  You may be able to use the one affiliated with YOUR HEALTH INSURANCE (now is a good time to find out if they have one). Or, you can find one from http://myphr.com

Write a report that includes:

1. Overview of the PHR
2. Who is the target consumer?
3. Evaluation of the PHR using the 7 listed criteria (a paragraph on each)
4. Recommendations for improving the PHR
5. Conclusion