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                                          INITIAL POST

                 Population Health Determinants for Heart Disease

             Heart disease is a prevalent population health issue for many parts of our nation and is affected by all five of the population health determinants.  One of these determinants is access to healthcare which included prevention strategies, treatments, and management of disease (Kindig, Asada, & Booske, 2008).  Medical management of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and Diabetes would decrease the risk of heart disease (HealthyPeople.gov, 2014c).  The individual behavior determinant is behaviors within a person’s control such as diet, exercise, and smoking habits (Kindig et al., 2008).  All three of these habits can affect heart health (HealthyPeople.gov, 2014c).  The social environment determinant includes socioeconomic factors (Kindig et al., 2008).  Access to education is imperative for heart health, not only for knowledge of healthy habits but also the need to make a livable wage as described by Laureate Education (2012).  A livable wage is necessary for affordable health care and affordable healthy foods (HealthyPeople.gov, 2014c).  The physical environment determinant affects the heart health of those exposed to long-term poor air quality (HealthyPeople.gov, 2014b).  Lastly, the genetics determinant effects heart health.  Genetics are inherited characteristics such as race and family history (Kindig et al., 2008). HealthyPeople.gov (2014c) identified African Americans at highest risk for heart disease.  Also, those with a family history of heart disease are at high risk themselves (HealthyPeople.gov, 2014c).  When assessing the data, each of the five determinants affects heart disease.

Impactful Determinants

             When assessing the population health determinants, a couple of them are significantly impactful.  The one most impactful is individual behavior, as making lifestyle changes can dramatically decrease the risk of heart disease.  In America, nearly 82 percent of adults and adolescents do not get enough exercise, and about 34 percent of adults and 16 percent of adolescents are obese (HealthyPeople.gov, 2014d).  Between 2000 and 2004 smoking was attributed to ischemic heart disease leading to 126,005 deaths (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008).  Making choices of healthy behaviors such as exercise, diet, and not smoking would reduce the risk of heart disease.  

            Another impactful determinant is access to health care.  Managing diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia can reduce the risk of damage done to the heart and increase years of quality life. Objectives by HealthyPeople.gov (2014c) include increased screening for those who have cardiac risk factors.  Screening can help early diagnoses and treatments leading to better management of cardiac risk factors.

Epidemiologic Data

            Epidemiologic data support the significance of heart disease by assessing the statistics of death related to heart disease.  For example, in 1999, heart disease accounted for about 195 deaths per 100,000 according to HealthyPeople.gov (2014a).  However, in 2016, about 94 deaths per 100,000 were cardiac-related showing a decreased trend (HealthyPeople.gov, 2014a).  Because of epidemiologic data, objectives such as increasing the number of adults who get their blood pressures measured, decreasing hypertension in adults, and increasing aspirin intervention in adults with cardiac risk factors, could lead to policy initiatives (HealthyPeople.gov, 2014c).  Epidemiologic data represented a significant issue, led to objectives and policies, and then, allowed for evaluation of the objectives and policies (Laureate Education, 2012).

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2008). Smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and productivity losses — united states, 2000-2004. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5745a3.htm 

HealthyPeople.gov. (2014a). Coronary heart disease deaths (age adjusted, per 100,000 population). Retrieved from https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/data/Chart/4582?category=1&by=Total&fips=-1

HealthyPeople.gov. (2014b). Environmental quality. Retrieved from https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/leading-health-indicators2020/-lhi-topics/environmental-quality

HealthyPeople.gov. (2014c). Heart disease and stroke. Retrieved from https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-/-Objectives/topics/heart-disease-and-stroke 

HealthyPeople.gov. (2014d). Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity. Retrieved from https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/leading-health-indicators/2020-lhi-topics/Nutrition-Physical-Activity-and-Obesity

Kindig, D., Asada, Y., & Booske, B. (2008). A population health framework for setting national and state health goals. JAMA, 299(17), 2081–2083.

Laureate Education (Producer). (2012). Population health. Baltimore, MD: Author. 

  

Note: It is recommended that you save your response as you complete each question.

  

Question 1 (1 point)

An older male patient reports urinary frequency, back pain, and nocturia. A dipstick urinalysis reveals hematuria. What will the provider do next to evaluate this condition?

Question 1 options:

  

   

a) 

Order     a PSA and perform a digital rectal exam

 

   

b) 

Refer     for a biopsy

 

   

c) 

Refer     the patient to a urologist

 

   

d) 

Schedule     a transurethral ultrasound

Save

Question 2 (1 point)

A 30-year-old male patient has a positive leukocyte esterase and nitrites on a random urine dipstick during a well patient exam. What type of urinary tract infection does this represent?

Question 2 options:

  

   

a) 

Complicated

 

   

b) 

Isolation

 

   

c) 

Uncomplicated

 

   

d) 

Unresolved

Save

Question 3 (1 point)

A high school athlete is brought to the emergency department after collapsing during outdoor practice on a hot day. The patient is weak, irritable, and confused. Serum sodium is 152 mEq/L and has dry mucous membranes and tachycardia. What is the initial approach to rehydration in this patient?

Question 3 options:

  

   

a) 

Hypotonic     intravenous fluid replacement

 

   

b) 

Intravenous     fluid resuscitation with an isotonic solution

 

   

c) 

Loop     diuretics and hypotonic intravenous fluids

 

   

d) 

Oral     water replacement

Save

Question 4 (1 point)

What is an important purpose of conducting an interview prior to beginning neuropsychological testing on an older adult suspected of having dementia?

Question 4 options:

  

   

a) 

To     assess the patient’s ability to cooperate with the testing

 

   

b) 

To     determine the patient’s degree of dementia

 

   

c) 

To     evaluate the patient’s feelings about family members’ concerns

 

   

d) 

To     find out whether a referral to a specialist is needed

Save

Question 5 (1 point)

A patient reports recurrent headaches occurring 1 or 2 times per month that generally occur with weather changes or when sleep patterns are disrupted and describes them as severe, with throbbing on one side of the head and sometimes accompanied by nausea. What is the recommended treatment for this type of headache?

Question 5 options:

  

   

a) 

Gabapentin

 

   

b) 

Propranolol

 

   

c) 

Rizatriptan

 

   

d) 

Topiramate

As a healthcare professional and manager, it is important to understand the distinction between licensure, certification, and accreditation in regard to healthcare professionals and healthcare institutions. Prepare a 3-4 page paper that describes licensure, certification and accreditation in the healthcare industry.  Include the following in your paper:

• Define and distinguish between the terms licensure, certification, and accreditation as they apply to healthcare professionals and organizations. 
• Describe at least 2 reasons why licensure, certification and accreditation are required in health care organizations.  
• Research the requirements in your state or a state of your choice for licensure requirements for healthcare professionals besides the requirement for physicians and nurses to be licensed.  What other healthcare professionals need to be licensed to practice or perform the duties of their profession?  What does scope of practice mean?  Who determines this?

For help with researching your state’s requirements, search on the state government’s website for information on the State Health Department or search “licensure”.

• Provide an example of an agency that accredits healthcare institutions and the types of requirements that must be met for accreditation.
• Provide at least three examples of an organization or agency that provides certification or credentialing for healthcare professionals.  Include one of the examples as a specific type that is available for healthcare administrators/managers or health information management professionals.  Describe the requirements for each example.

NOTE: Use at least two scholarly references and cite using APA format.  Be sure to cite the reference to your state’s website resource on licensure of healthcare professionals.

The National Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS) Standards in Health and Health Care serve as a guide to advance and sustain culturally and linguistically appropriate services within organizations. Review the CLAS Standards and identify one that most resonates with you, or is most relevant to your interests in public health. Prepare a rationale for the implementation of you selected standard.

 

Select one of the following chronic diseases or conditions that you would like to know more about. 

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Cardiovascular Disease

Congestive Heart Failure

COPD

HIV/AIDS

Identify and discuss:

-The individual and population effects of the chronic disease/condition.

-At least 3 strategies for health promotion interventions related to the chronic disease/condition you selected.

-The roles of the community health nurse, the primary care physician/provider, and other appropriate healthcare providers and how collaboration would look in the care of the community with this chronic disease/condition.

Must be in APA and Must include at least 2 nursing journal articles