Calculating Odds Ratio 2025

Calculating Odds  Ratio Data can be qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative data is helpful to generate a hypothesis and gather information if little is known about an expected association. Focus groups, key informant interviews, and case studies are types of qualitative data collection methods used to identify common themes from which to build a hypothesis. Quantitative data collection and analysis is used to test a hypothesis and make comparisons to determine the direction and strength of a potential association. The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is cross-sectional panel survey used to collect quantitative data on adult behaviors and risk factors. It is one of the largest U.S. health data collection efforts. The data can be used to analyze associations on a state or country level. Follow the steps to obtain a 2×2 contingency table (also known as a “cross tabulation”) crossing binge drinking with depression. 1. Retrieve the “BRFSS Web-Enabled Analysis Tool” resource provided in the Topic Materials. 2. Select “Cross Tabulation.” 3. Select “2015” for the year. 4. Select “Arizona” for the state. 5. Select “Alcohol Consumption: Binge drinkers (males having five or more drinks on one occasion, females having four or more drinks on one occasion)” for Step 2 Select Row. 6. Select “Chronic Health Conditions: Ever diagnosed with a depressive disorder, including depression, major depression, dysthymia, or minor depression” for Step 3 Select Column. 7. Skip Steps 4 and 5. 8. Select “Sample Size” for Step 6 Select Statistics and run the report for the cross tabulation. Part 1 Using the data from the cross tabulation results, calculate the odds ratio for depression among those exposed to binge drinking. Interpret the odds ratio and discuss if the odds ratio is a good estimate of the relative risk in this situation. Why or why not? Show your 2×2 table and all calculations. Present or describe the formula you used to arrive at your answer. Part 2 Use the Topic Material, “BRFSS Web-Enabled Analysis Tool,” located on the CDC website, and run a report for two variables of interest to you. Create a 2×2 table and calculate the odds ratio for this association. Interpret the odds ratio and discuss the public health importance of the association. Show your 2×2 table. Present or describe the formula you used to arrive at your answer. Refer to the “Creating a 2×2 Contingency Table” resource for guidance in creating 2×2 contingency tables. General Requirements APA style is not required, but solid academic writing is expected. This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the LopesWrite Technical Support articles for assistance. Use the “BRFSS Web Enabled Analysis Tool,” located on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website, to complete the topic assignment. URL: https://nccd.cdc.gov/weat/#/

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NURS 6208 final assignment 2025

The project must be typewritten, double spaced and very limited in length (maximum 12 pages). Part I (25%) A NP researcher randomly sampled 100 women aged 50-65 years and measured their minutes of exercise in the past week, BMI, and depression. Depression was measured using a Likert type scale consisting of 20 items. The summation score ranged from 20 to 100 and the higher the score, the higher the level of depression. The Pearson correlation coefficients (r’s) are summarized in the following table. For the analyses, statistical significant level was set at α=0.05. Table 1: correlation among minutes of exercise, BMI and depression Exercise in past week (minutes) BMI BMI -0.15 Depression score -0.30* 0.20 *p < 0.05 1. Write a research and null hypotheses regarding the relationship between exercise and depression. 2. Based on the test statistics in table 1, what is your conclusion regarding your research hypothesis? (Hint: discuss both the magnitude and direction of the relationship). 3. What proportion of variance is shared by minutes of exercise and depression among women 50-65 years of age? 4. For the relationship between minutes of exercise and BMI, a. what was the estimated power of the statistical test? (Using the power table on page 202, table 9.1, Polit 2010). b. What was the risk that a type II error was committed? 5. If -0.20 is a good estimation of population correlation, what sample size would be needed to achieve power of 0.80 at a significance α=0.05? PART II. (25%) Using the “N6208 Final Project Data”, a). select two variables with nominal or ordinal level measurements, and perform the descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage). [Please select only dichotomous variables from the following list: poverty, smoker, PoorHealth ]. b). perform the bi-variate descriptive statistics using crosstabulation. c). Hand calculate the ARs, ARR, RR, and OR. Show all your calculations. d). Perform a chi-square analysis. e). Using APA format, write a full report with the following sections: 1. Introduction : Describe your research question and hypothesis. Include the variables, measurement levels, the bivariate research question, and the hypothesis [ for example, the event of adverse risk (using your variable name here, for instance, alcohol usage) will be higher/or lower in the risk exposed group (i.e., marijuana use) compare to the non-exposed group (non-users of marijuana)] . 2. Method : Include the sample description (sample size, eligibility criteria) and statistical methods used for data analysis. (The sample information can be found in “Polit Dataset Description” in SPSS Data Sets folder). 3. Results : Include frequencies and percentages for the two variables, crosstabulation results, risk indexes (ARs, ARR, RR, and OR), and chi-square test results. Include a summary table for the results and write your interpretation. (Attach SPSS outputs). 4. Discussion : Write a report including summary and interpretation of the findings reported in the previous sections relative to the research questions you posed in your introduction. Part III. (50%) Run a one-way ANOVA using the dataset “N6208 Final Project Data”. The Dataset contains 462 cases from the original PolitDatasetA. Two variables will be used for this analysis: Satisfaction and Houseproblem . The variable Houseproblem is created using the variable housprob , a summary index of eight variables about current housing problems for the women in this sample—for example, whether or not they had their utilities cut off, had vermin in the household, had unreliable hear, and so forth. The variable housprob is a count of the total number of times the women said “yes” to these eight questions. The variable housprob is recoded into Houseproblem based on number of housing problems. The coding for Houseproblem is: 1=no housing problems, 2=one housing problem, and 3= two or more housing problems. Satisfaction measures the overall satisfaction with material sell-being. This variable is a summated rating scale variable for women’s responses to their degree of satisfaction with four aspects of their material sell-being—their housing, food, furniture, and clothing for themselves and their children. Each item was coded from 1 (very dissatisfied) to 4 (very satisfied), so the overall score for the four items could range from a low of 4 (4 X 1) to 16 (4 X 4). Higher score indicates greater satisfaction. This scale has an internal consistency Cronbach’s alpha of 0.90. The content validity and construct validity have been established in previous research. For this analysis, use the variable Houseproblem as the independent (group) variable and variable Satisfaction as the outcome variable. To run the one-way ANOVA, click Analyze → Compare Means → Oneway. In the opening dialogue box, move Satisfaction into the Dependent List and Houseproblem into the slot for Factor. Click the Options pushbutton, and click Descriptives and Homogeneity of Variance, then continue. Next, click the Post Hoc pushbutton and select LSD. Click continue, then OK, and answer the following questions using compete sentences : What are the mean levels of  satisfaction in the three groups? Report the mean, SD, minimum, maximum  and sample size in a table . Write a research question. Write the research hypothesis (Ha)  and the null hypothesis (Ho). What was the value of the F statistic and its p-value? Can the null hypothesis be  rejected? What were the degrees of  freedom? According to the LSD test,  were any group means significantly different from any others? If yes,  which ones? Write a paragraph summarizing all  the results. Attach the relevant SPSS  printouts. Nursing Assignment Help 2025

nursing assessment 2025

WEEK1/ANSWER TO PROFESSOR/ DICUSSION first part is my discussion Physical Examination Physical examination is the evaluation of anatomic findings by using observation, percussion, palpation, and auscultation to obtain information about the patient. Many people who visit healthcare providers follow their instructions but wonder what they are doing or what they are looking for. During a physical examination, a healthcare practitioner is gathering cues to be able to diagnose. When a physical examination is thoughtfully integrated with the information that they provide, history, and path physiology, they should yield at least 20% data that is necessary for diagnosis and management of the patient (Sawyer, 2012). An examination of a 12-year-old child to find the likely cause of the symptoms portrayed would assist in diagnosing the child. You are admitting a 12-year-old child to your unit. The mother states that the child has a history of unexplained blackout episodes, headaches, sleep disturbances, and is presently exhibiting tremors. What is the most likely cause of these symptoms? What actions would you take during the interview process? Explain . I have chosen the 12 year old patient for this discussion. When conducting a physical assessment on children it is imperative to start the collaboration relationship process between the patient and their family members and myself, as the nurse with effective communication strategies. I would first introduce myself to the patient and mother of the patient and explain to the both of them the purpose of the assessment being performed and how the information that they provide will be utilize appropriately. One important aspect to explain to both of them is that the information that they provide to me is protected by HIPAA. I would then use open-ended questions (i.e. what brings you in today) to direct the interview to gain the patient’s history from either the child or from the mother. If more information is needed then I would utilize closed-ended questions or direct statements (i.e. how long has these symptoms been going on) to clarify any additional information. Next, I would take the patient’s vitals and a complete head-to-toe assessment with an emphasis on the neurological system exam, all while explaining to the patient and the mother the reason for me having to do this. By me explaining step-by-step what I am doing will help me to better build a rapport with them as well as giving the patient and the mother a sense of being aware of what is going on, so that if they have any questions I will be able to answer these for them. It would be pretty apparent that with the symptoms that the patient is experiencing may be due to some type of neurological condition. Patient would then need to be referred to a neurologist for further testing to confirm a proper diagnosis. Reference: Assessment Technologies Institute. (n.d.). Physical assessment (child). Retrieved from http://www.atitesting.com/ati_next_gen/skillsmodules/content/physical-assessment-child/viewing/Neurological-a.html Sawyer, S. (2012). Pediatric physical examination & health assessment. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Professor question/ needs to be answer. Strong work. When we thinking about our 1st pt- Considering all aspects of the patient medical history, including the history of close family members, is important to ensure the complete clinical picture is evident. Asking if family members have a history of depression is an important point we must raise during a history assessment of our first patient. Would you agree?

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Identify the early iterations of the HIPAA act and how the law has been modified to facilitate easier access to consumer complaints and enforcement. 2. Describe the overall process of submitting a health information privacy complaint to the OCR. 3. 2025

Assignment Requirements Imagine that you are a sophomore at Premier College. Over the past few months, you have not been well due to increased amounts of academic pressure and found yourself unable to concentrate in class or sleep well at night. You went to the student medical center for evaluation and, after consulting with the staff doctor, you were issued a prescription for the treatment of depression. A few days later, one of your professors tells you that he too has had to take medicine for depression in the past. You ask him how he knew about your situation, and he replied that all student medical records are available to every instructor and staff member at Premier College. Hearing this, you feel that your privacy rights have been violated. That afternoon you research privacy rights on the Internet and learn that filing a HIPAA privacy complaint to the OCR had been a tedious process before July 2009. On July 27, 2009, the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) delegated to the Director of OCR the authority to administer and enforce the HIPAA Security Rule. This action improved HHS’ ability to protect individuals’ health information by combining the authority for administration and enforcement of federal standards for health information privacy and security. Those standards are outlined in the HIPAA legislation. With the new regulation, the process of filing a privacy complaint has become simpler and more effective. Then you research the steps involved with filing a privacy complaint with the OCR ( http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/complaints/index.html ), download the Health Information Privacy Complaint form at ( http://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/ocr/privacy/hipaa/complaints/hipcomplaintform.pdf ), and complete the form. While working on the form, you realize some sections are critical to your case and must be addressed carefully. You decide to write about your experience in a paper for your Legal Issues in Information Security class. For this assignment: 1. Identify the early iterations of the HIPAA act and how the law has been modified to facilitate easier access to consumer complaints and enforcement. 2. Describe the overall process of submitting a health information privacy complaint to the OCR. 3. Identify specific sections of the complaint form that need critical attention while completing the form. 4. Analyze a few situations that can occur if the critical sections are not well identified. 5. Draft a brief summary, collating all your findings. Required Resources · Access to the Internet · http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/complaints/index.html · http://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/ocr/privacy/hipaa/complaints/hipcomplaintform.pdf Submission Requirements § Format: Microsoft Word § Font: Arial 10-point size, Double-space § Citation Style: APA § Length: No more than 500 words Evaluation Criteria and Rubric 1. Did the student identify early iterations of the HIPAA act and how the law has been modified to facilitate easier access to consumer complaints and enforcement? 2. Did the student identify specific sections of the form that need critical attention while filing the complaint? Did the student analyze the situations that one gets into if the critical sections are not well identified?

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Discussion: Ethical and Legal Foundations of PMHNP Care 2025

Advanced practice nursing in all specialties is guided by codes of ethics that put the care, rights, duty, health, and safety of the patient first and foremost. PMHNP practice is also guided by ethical codes specifically for psychiatry. These ethical codes are frameworks to guide clinical decision making; they are generally not prescriptive. They also represent the aspirational ideals for the profession. Laws, on the other hand, dictate the requirements that must be followed. In this way, legal codes may be thought to represent the minimum standards of care, and ethics represent the highest goals for care. For this Discussion, you select a topic that has both legal and ethical implications for PMHNP practice and then perform a literature review on the topic. Your goal will be to identify the most salient legal and ethical facets of the issue for PMHNP practice, and also how these facets differ in the care of adult patients versus children. Keep in mind as you research your issue, that laws differ by state and your clinical practice will be dictated by the laws that govern your state. To Prepare Select one of the following ethical/legal topics: Autonomy Beneficence Justice Fidelity Veracity Involuntary hospitalization and due process of civil commitment Informed assent/consent and capacity Duty to warn Restraints HIPPA Child and elder abuse reporting Tort law Negligence/malpractice In the Walden library, locate a total of four scholarly, professional, or legal resources related to this topic. One should address ethical considerations related to this topic for adults, one should be on ethical considerations related to this topic for children/adolescents, one should be on legal considerations related to this topic for adults, and one should be on legal considerations related to this topic for children/adolescents. By Day 3 of Week 2 Briefly identify the topic you selected. Then, summarize the articles you selected, explaining the most salient ethical and legal issues related to the topic as they concern psychiatric-mental health practice for children/adolescents and for adults. Explain how this information could apply to your clinical practice, including specific implications for practice within your state. Attach the PDFs of your articles.

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