2025 Assignment Assessing Diagnosing and Treating Adults With Mood Disorders Photo Credit Monkey Business Adobe Stock It is important

nursing assignment. 2025

Assignment: Assessing, Diagnosing, and Treating Adults With Mood Disorders Photo Credit: Monkey Business / Adobe Stock It is important for the PMHNP to have a comprehensive understanding of mood disorders in order to assess and accurately formulate a diagnosis and treatment plan for patients presenting with these disorders. Mood disorders may be diagnosed when a patient’s emotional state meets the diagnostic criteria for severity, functional impact, and length of time. Those with a mood disorder may find that their emotions interfere with work, relationships, or other parts of their lives that impact daily functioning. Mood disorders may also lead to substance abuse or suicidal thoughts or behaviors, and although they are not likely to go away on their own, they can be managed with an effective treatment plan and understanding of how to manage symptoms. In this Assignment you will assess, diagnose, and devise a treatment plan for a patient in a case study who is presenting with a mood disorder. To Prepare Review this week’s Learning Resources. Consider the insights they provide about assessing, diagnosing, and treating mood disorders. Review the Focused SOAP Note template, which you will use to complete this Assignment. There is also a Focused SOAP Note Exemplar provided as a guide for Assignment expectations. Review the video, Case Study: Petunia Park . You will use this case as the basis of this Assignment. In this video, a Walden faculty member is assessing a mock patient. The patient will be represented onscreen as an avatar. Consider what history would be necessary to collect from this patient. Consider what interview questions you would need to ask this patient. The Assignment Develop a Focused SOAP Note, including your differential diagnosis and critical-thinking process to formulate a primary diagnosis. Incorporate the following into your responses in the template: Subjective: What details did the patient provide regarding their chief complaint and symptomatology to derive your differential diagnosis? What is the duration and severity of their symptoms? How are their symptoms impacting their functioning in life? Objective: What observations did you make during the psychiatric assessment? Assessment: Discuss the patient’s mental status examination results. What were your differential diagnoses? Provide a minimum of three possible diagnoses with supporting evidence, listed in order from highest to lowest priority. Compare the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for each differential diagnosis and explain what DSM-5 criteria rules out the differential diagnosis to find an accurate diagnosis. Explain the critical-thinking process that led you to the primary diagnosis you selected. Include pertinent positives and pertinent negatives for the specific patient case. Plan: What is your plan for psychotherapy? What is your plan for treatment and management, including alternative therapies? Include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies, and follow-up parameters as well as a rationale for this treatment and management plan. Also incorporate one health promotion activity and one patient education strategy. Reflection notes: What would you do differently with this client if you could conduct the session again? Discuss what your next intervention would be if you were able to follow up with this patient. Also include in your reflection a discussion related to legal/ethical considerations (demonstrate critical thinking beyond confidentiality and consent for treatment!), health promotion, and disease prevention that takes into consideration patient factors (such as age, ethnic group, etc.), PMH, and other risk factors (e.g., socioeconomic, cultural background, etc.).

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2025 The first step of the evidence based practice process is to evaluate a nursing practice

PICOT Question and Literature Search 2025

The first step of the evidence‐based practice process is to evaluate a nursing practice environment to identify a nursing problem in the clinical area. When a nursing problem is discovered, the nurse researcher develops a clinical guiding question to address that nursing practice problem. For this assignment, you will create a clinical guiding question know as a PICOT question. The PICOT question must be relevant to a nursing practice problem. To support your PICOT question, identify six supporting peer‐revised research articles, as indicated below. The PICOT question and six peer‐reviewed research articles you choose will be utilized for subsequent assignments. Use the “Literature Evaluation Table” to complete this assignment. Select a nursing practice problem of interest to use as the focus of your research (use hypertension as a topic/problem). Start with the patient population and identify a clinical problem or issue that arises from the patient population. In 200–250 words, provide a summary of the clinical issue. Following the PICOT format, write a PICOT question in your selected nursing practice problem area of interest. The PICOT question should be applicable to your proposed capstone project (the project students must complete during their final course in the RN‐BSN program of study). The PICOT question will provide a framework for your capstone project. Conduct a literature search to locate six research articles focused on your selected nursing practice problem of interest. This literature search should include three quantitative and three qualitative peer‐reviewed research articles to support your nursing practice problem.

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2025 Discussion 1 With the information presented in Chapter 1 of Ball et al in mind

Advance health assessment and Pharmacology 2025

Discussion 1 With the information presented in Chapter 1 of Ball et al. in mind, consider the following: · By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned a new patient profile by your Instructor for this Discussion. Note : Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your new patient profile assignment. · How would your communication and interview techniques for building a health history differ with each patient? · How might you target your questions for building a health history based on the patient’s social determinants of health? · What risk assessment instruments would be appropriate to use with each patient, or what questions would you ask each patient to assess his or her health risks? · Identify any potential health-related risks based upon the patient’s age, gender, ethnicity, or environmental setting that should be taken into consideration. · Select one of the risk assessment instruments presented in Chapter 1 or Chapter 5 of the Seidel’s Guide to Physical Examination text, or another tool with which you are familiar, related to your selected patient. · Develop at least five targeted questions you would ask your selected patient to assess his or her health risks and begin building a health history. Post a summary of the interview and a description of the communication techniques you would use with your assigned patient. Explain why you would use these techniques. Identify the risk assessment instrument you selected, and justify why it would be applicable to the selected patient. Provide at least five targeted questions you would ask the patient. New Patients profile Patient Profiles: #1: 26-year-old Lebanese female living in graduate-student housing: Assigned to Last names starting with A-H #2: 14-year-old biracial male living with his grandmother in a high-density public housing complex Assigned to Last names starting with I-Q #3: 38-year-old Native American pregnant female living on a reservation Assigned to Last names starting with R-Z Resources for reference Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. (2019). Seidel’s guide to physical examination: An interprofessional approach (9th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby. Chapter 1, “The History and Interviewing Process” This chapter explains the process of developing relationships with patients in order to build an effective health history. The authors offer suggestions for adapting the creation of a health history according to age, gender, and disability. Chapter 5, “Recording Information” This chapter provides rationale and methods for maintaining clear and accurate records. The authors also explore the legal aspects of patient records. Sullivan, D. D. (2019). Guide to clinical documentation (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis. Chapter 2, “The Comprehensive History and Physical Exam” (pp. 19–29) Deckx, L., van den Akker, M., Daniels, L., De Jonge, E. T., Bulens, P., Tjan-Heijnen, V. C. G., … Buntinx, F. (2015). Geriatric screening tools are of limited value to predict decline in functional status and quality of life: Results of a cohort study. BMC Family Practice, 16, 1–12. Wu, R. R., & Orlando, L. A. (2015). Implementation of health risk assessments with family health history: Barriers and benefits. Postgraduate Medical Journal, (1079), 508–513. Lushniak, B. D. (2015). Surgeon general’s perspectives: Family health history: Using the past to improve future health. Public Health Reports, (1), 3. Jardim, T. V., Sousa, A. L. L., Povoa, T. I. R., Barroso, W. K. S., Chinem, B., Jardim, L., … Jardim, P. C. B. V. (2015). The natural history of cardiovascular risk factors in health professionals: 20-year follow-up. BMC Public Health, 15(1111), 1–7. Discussion 2 Pharmacokinetics describes what the body does to the drug through absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, whereas pharmacodynamics describes what the drug does to the body. When selecting drugs and determining dosages for patients, it is essential to consider individual patient factors that might impact the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. These patient factors include genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, behavior (i.e., diet, nutrition, smoking, alcohol, illicit drug abuse), and/or pathophysiological changes due to disease. For this Discussion, you reflect on a case from your past clinical experiences and consider how a patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes may alter his or her response to a drug. To Prepare · Review the Resources for this module and consider the principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. · Reflect on your experiences, observations, and/or clinical practices from the last 5 years and think about how pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors altered his or her anticipated response to a drug. · Consider factors that might have influenced the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes, such as genetics (including pharmacogenetics), gender, ethnicity, age, behavior, and/or possible pathophysiological changes due to disease. · Think about a personalized plan of care based on these influencing factors and patient history in your case study. Resources for reference Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2018). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice providers . St. Louis, MO: Elsevier. Chapter 1, “Prescriptive Authority” (pp. 1–3) Chapter 2, “Rational Drug Selection and Prescription Writing” (pp. 5–9) Chapter 3, “Promoting Positive Outcomes of Drug Therapy” (pp. 11–16) Chapter 4, “Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Interactions” (pp. 17–40) Chapter 5, “Adverse Drug Reactions and Medical Errors” (pp. 41–49) Chapter 6, “Individual Variation in Drug Response” (pp. 51–56) American Geriatrics Society 2019 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. (2019). American Geriatrics Society 2019 updated AGS Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 67 (4), 674–694. doi:10.1111/jgs.15767 American Geriatrics Society 2019 updated AGS Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults by American Geriatrics Society, in Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, Vol. 67/Issue 4. Copyright 2019 by Blackwell Publishing. Reprinted by permission of Blackwell Publishing via the Copyright Clearance Center. This article is an update to the Beers Criteria, which includes lists of potentially inappropriate medications to be avoided in older adults as well as newly added criteria that lists select drugs that should be avoided or have their dose adjusted based on the individual’s kidney function and select drug-drug interactions documented to be associated with harms in older adults. Drug Enforcement Administration. (n.d.-a). Code of federal regulations. Retrieved February 1, 2019, from https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/cfr/1300/1300_01.htm This website outlines the code of federal regulations for prescription drugs. Drug Enforcement Administration. (n.d.-b). Mid-level practitioners authorization by state. Retrieved May 13, 2019 from http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drugreg/practioners/index.html This website outlines the schedules for controlled substances, including prescriptive authority for each schedule. Drug Enforcement Administration. (2006). Practitioner’s manual. Retrieved from http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/pubs/manuals/pract/index.html This manual is a resource for practitioners who prescribe, dispense, and administer controlled substances. It provides information on general requirements, security issues, recordkeeping, prescription requirements, and addiction treatment programs. Drug Enforcement Administration. (n.d.-c). Registration. Retrieved February 1, 2019, from https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drugreg/index.html This website details key aspects of drug registration. Fowler, M. D. (2015). Guide to the code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements: Development, interpretation, and application . Silver Spring, Maryland: American Nurses Association, 2015. This resource introduces the code of ethics for nurses and highlights critical aspects for ethical guideline development, interpretation, and application in practice. Institute for Safe Medication Practices. (2017). List of error-prone abbreviations, symbols, and dose designations. Retrieved from https://www.ismp.org/recommendations/error-prone-abbreviations-list This website provides a list of prescription-writing abbreviations that might lead to misinterpretation, as well as suggestions for preventing resulting errors. Ladd, E., & Hoyt, A. (2016). Shedding light on nurse practitioner prescribing. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 12(3), 166–173. doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2015.09.17 This article provides NPs with information regarding state-based laws for NP prescribing. Sabatino, J. A., Pruchnicki, M. C., Sevin, A. M., Barker, E., Green, C. G., & Porter, K. (2017). Improving prescribing practices: A pharmacist‐led educational intervention for nurse practitioner students. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 29(5), 248–254. doi:10.1002/2327-6924.12446 The authors of this article assess the impact of a pharmacist‐led educational intervention on family nurse practitioner (FNP) students’ prescribing skills, perception of preparedness to prescribe, and perception of pharmacist as collaborator.

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2025 Explore one of the agencies for quality improvement listed in this module s lecture Write

Module 03 Written Assignment – Agencies for Quality 2025

Explore one of the agencies for quality improvement listed in this module’s lecture. Write a one-page summary of what the agency does, who it affects, and how it is utilized. These are the agencies, and you can pick from anyone. I am entitled to do just one 1. Please provide in-text citations and references. The Institute of Medicine, The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, The National Quality Forum, The Joint Commission, The Magnet Recognition Program, The Institute for Healthcare Improvement, and, of course, the nursing student’s friend, Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN).

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2025 For this assignment you will interview a person from a cultural background that is different from your

Culturally Competent Nursing 2025

For this assignment, you will interview a person from a cultural background that is different from your own. Using the twelve domains of culture from the Purnell Model, discuss the health practices of that culture and compose a scholarly paper in a Microsoft Word document of 5–6 pages formatted in APA style. In your paper, you should include the following: Select a person from a cultural group different from your own. You may choose a patient, friend, or work colleague. For the sake of confidentiality, do not reveal the name of the person you interview; use only initials. For the person you select, complete the cultural assessment using questions 1 through 12 from the Purnell Model for Cultural Competence in your textbook, Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach . On a separate page, cite all sources using APA format. Use this APA Citation Helper as a convenient reference for properly citing resources. This handout will provide you the details of formatting your essay using APA style . You may create your essay in this APA-formatted template . Submission Details: Name the document SU_NSG4074_W2_A2_LastName_FirstInitial.doc. Submit it to the Submissions Area by the due date assigned.

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2025 In this course project assignment you are presented with clinical notes for

Medical Terminology mod 2 course project 2025

In this course project assignment, you are presented with clinical notes for two different patients. These progress notes have been recorded as SOAP notes. A SOAP note is a common method of documenting a patient’s visit with a healthcare provider. These notes are saved in a patient’s medical record and will be used for treatment, billing, and other activities to monitor the patient’s health over time. SOAP is an acronym that stands for Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan. Each of these components is used to record a vital part of the patient’s visit. Subjective : Includes the patient’s complaints and states the patient’s symptoms in his or her own words Objective : Includes information that the provider can measure, such as vital signs, weight, or findings from a physical exam Assessment: Includes a differential diagnosis or summary of signs and symptoms Plan: Includes treatments performed, follow-up appointment information, referrals, or other orders You will be exploring the medical terminology used in these SOAP notes and will be asked to interpret the meanings of various words and abbreviations. To complete this assignment, do the following: Download the clinical notes for the two patients: Kay Salisbury Clinical Notes ( I have attached it below ) Virginia Thompson Clinical Notes (I have attached it below) Download, complete, and submit the document below. This document contains questions you will answer regarding the clinical notes for each patient. Module 02 Course Project Assignment Template (I have attached it below) PLEASE USE A BLANK WORD DOCUMENT TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS ON THE COURSE PROJECT QUESTIONS DOCUMENT

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2025 Complete this week s assigned readings chapters 86 87 of your book After completing the readings post a reflection

Reflection chap 87 and 87 2025

Complete this week’s assigned readings, chapters 86 & 87 of your book . After completing the readings, post a reflection discussing your thoughts and opinions about one or several of the specific topics covered in the textbook readings. pertaining to politics in associations and interest groups. Identify which one MSN Essential most relates to your selected topic in your discussion. As a reminder, no scholarly sources are required only your text book : Mason, D. J., Leavitt, J.K., Chaffee, M.W. (2016). Policy and Politics: In Nursing and Health Care. (7th• Ed) St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier, Saunders. ISBN-13: 9780323299886

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2025 Mr M a 70 year old male has been living at the assisted living

Neurological, Cognitive or Perceptual 2025

Mr. M., a 70-year-old male, has been living at the assisted living facility where you work. He has no know allergies. He is a nonsmoker and does not use alcohol. Limited physical activity related to difficulty ambulating and unsteady gait. Medical history includes hypertension controlled with ACE inhibitors, hypercholesterolemia, status post appendectomy, and tibial fracture status postsurgical repair with no obvious signs of complications. Current medications include Lisinopril 20mg daily, Lipitor 40mg daily, Ambien 10mg PRN, Xanax 0.5 mg PRN, and ibuprofen 400mg PRN. Case Scenario Over the past 2 months, Mr. M. seems to be deteriorating quickly. He is having trouble recalling the names of his family members, remembering his room number, and even repeating what he has just read. He is becoming agitated and aggressive quickly. He appears to be afraid and fearful when he gets aggressive. He has been found wandering at night and will frequently become lost, needing help to get back to his room. Mr. M has become dependent with many ADLs, whereas a few months ago he was fully able to dress, bathe, and feed himself. The assisted living facility is concerned with his rapid decline and has decided to order testing. Objective Data 1. Temperature: 37.1 degrees C 2. BP 123/78 HR 93 RR 22 Pox 99% 3. Denies pain 4. Height: 69.5 inches; Weight 87 kg Laboratory Results 1. WBC: 19.2 (1,000/uL) 2. Lymphocytes 6700 (cells/uL) 3. CT Head shows no changes since previous scan 4. Urinalysis positive for moderate amount of leukocytes and cloudy 5. Protein: 7.1 g/dL; AST: 32 U/L; ALT 29 U/L Critical Thinking Essay In 900-words, critically evaluate Mr. M.’s situation. Include the following: 1. Describe the clinical manifestations present in Mr. M. 1. Based on the information presented in the case scenario, discuss what primary and secondary medical diagnoses should be considered for Mr. M. Explain why these should be considered and what data is provided for support. 2. When performing your nursing assessment, discuss what abnormalities would you expect to find and why. 3. Describe the physical, psychological, and emotional effects Mr. M.’s current health status may have on him. Discuss the impact it can have on his family. 4. Discuss what interventions can be put into place to support Mr. M. and his family. 5. Given Mr. M.’s current condition, discuss at least four actual or potential problems he faces. Provide rationale for each. You are required to cite 2 sources to complete this assignment. Sources must be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and relevant to nursing practice. Also, you must have a conclusion with a minimum of 5 sentences to wrap up the case study.

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2025 Week 8 Marginalized Women and Childbearing Families Assignment Guidelines with Scoring Rubric

Nursing FNP – Marginalized Women and Childbearing Families 2025

Week 8: Marginalized Women and Childbearing Families Assignment Guidelines with Scoring Rubric Purpose The purpose of this assignment is to provide the student with an opportunity to explore the concept of marginalization and how it impacts the healthcare of women and childbearing families. Activity Learning Outcomes Through this assignment, the student will demonstrate the ability to: Articulate understanding of marginalization through current article appraisal. (CO5) Devise actions to mitigate social impacts to marginalized women and childbearing families. (CO5) Appraise the role of policy in the marginalization of women and childbearing families. (CO5) Requirements: Read the following article, which can be found in the Chamberlain library: Prodan‐Bhalla, N., & Browne, A. J. (2019). Exploring women’s health care experiences through an equity lens: Findings from a community clinic serving marginalised women. Journal of clinical nursing , 28(19-20), 3459-3469. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14937 Discussion Questions: As an advanced practice nurse, what are three actions you can take to mitigate social impacts to marginalized women? What role does policy at either government, state, or local level play in the marginalization of women and child bearing families? Identify one policy that impacts marginalized groups (include whether the policy is at the federal, state, or local level). Discuss how policy impacts marginalized groups either positively or negatively. Discussion Guiding Principles The ideas and beliefs underpinning the discussions guide students through engaging dialogues as they achieve the desired learning outcomes/competencies associated with their course in a manner that empowers them to organize, integrate, apply and critically appraise their knowledge to their selected field of practice. The use of discussions provides students with opportunities to contribute level-appropriate knowledge and experience to the topic in a safe, caring, and fluid environment that models professional and social interaction. The ebb and flow of a discussion is based upon the composition of student and faculty interaction in the quest for relevant scholarship. Participation in the discussion generates opportunities for students to actively engage in the written ideas of others by carefully reading, researching, reflecting, and responding to the contributions of their peers and course faculty. Discussions foster the development of members into a community of learners as they share ideas and inquiries, consider perspectives that may be different from their own, and integrate knowledge from other disciplines. Direct Quotes Good writing calls for the limited use of direct quotes. Direct quotes in discussions are to be limited to one short quotation (not to exceed 15 words). The quote must add substantively to the discussion. Points will be deducted under the grammar, syntax, APA category. **To see view the grading criteria/rubric, please click on the 3 dots in the box at the end of the solid gray bar above the discussion board title and then Show Rubric.

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2025 The following post is another student post to wish i have to reply Please Make sure to add other

Culture in Nursing DQ 1 student reply Martha Gomez 2025

The following post is another student post to wish i have to reply. Please Make sure to add other information related to what the student posted. APA style 2 references and less than 20 % similarity. Question 1 Transcultural nursing is based on the work of Dr. Madeleine M. Leininger who in the 1950s noted differences between nurses and patients when working with emotionally disturbed children. Based on this clinical experience, she studied cultural differences in perceptions of care and earned a doctorate in 1965 (Andres & Bolye, 2016). Based on this study, Leininger realized that anthropology contributed to nursing by helping with the realization that culture strongly influenced illness states. With the need to develop, test and organize the emerging body of knowledge on transcultural nursing, it became necessary to create a specific framework for the emergence of various theoretical states. The Leininger’s Sunrise model, which shows three major nursing modalities, was the first guide nursing judgment that considers culturally appropriate and congruent care. The Leininger’s Sunrise Enabler for theory of culture care diversity and university is the earliest model for cultural care. Moreover, to foster excellence in transcultural nursing practice, eight standards that give criteria for evaluating transcultural nursing and tools for teaching and learning were developed (Del Grosso, 2019). The eight cultural nursing standards are accompanied process and outcome criteria and a rationale. Another vital component in the history and theoretical foundations of transcultural nursing was the development of a logo with the message, ‘Many Cultures One world.’ With the logo, nurses were challenged to function in transcultural environments (Del Grosso, 2019). Every person in the world would be met through the new mantra. Question 2 With the ever-increasing multicultural environment in most parts of the world, transcultural nursing continues to become an essential part of healthcare. The world is continuously becoming a global village which requires nurses to appreciate the differences in cultural values, beliefs and customs of their patients. Nurses are required to acquire the necessary skills and knowledge than ensure they provide culturally competent care. The ability to comprehend cultural diversity and use this understanding in delivery of care promotes the quality of outcomes. Transcultural nursing helps ensure positive patient care outcomes and satisfaction of healthcare clients. According to Edwards (2019), transcultural perspectives are vital in shaping patient’s beliefs about their own health and the healthcare system. As the representative of the healthcare system, the nurse is vested with the responsibility of providing the best care for patients. By taking into considerations the cultural backgrounds of the patients, the nurse is able to provide tailor-made patient care that ensure the satisfaction of individual patients and overall quality of health. In the ever increasingly dynamic world, transcultural nursing ensures that nurses give the best care and increases the quality and outcomes. Transcultural nursing considers the sensitivity, concerns and risk factors of a variety of cultures (Edwards, 2019). It hence ensure that the nurse understands and overcome potential barriers in delivering care. Having an understanding of the needs and requirements of a patient creates a positive attitude towards a healthcare system and promotes quick recovery. Question 3 Dr. Madeleine Leininger is credited as the developer of the transcultural nursing concept. She developed the cultural care theory that promotes the provision of culturally congruent nursing care. Based on the theory, culturally congruent nursing care is based on cognitively based assistance, supportive, and tailor-made to meet the needs of individuals or groups based on their lifeways and cultural values and beliefs (Andres & Bolye, 2016). The care under Leininger’s theory fits and has beneficial meaning for people who are differently and similarly cultured. Leininger developed the Sunrise model and coined the eight factors that guide on the transcultural care. She holds that for nurses to provide appropriate, comprehensive and appropriate care, nurses need to expand their worldview and incorporate new dimensions including social structures, language, environmental contexts, generic care and other areas (Andres & Bolye, 2016). The sunrise model is the theoretical framework that guides the creation of other transcultural nursing theories. Leininger proposed three modes of guiding nursing care judgments, actions and decision that are beneficial and meaningful. These include preservation and maintenance, accommodation and negotiation and repatterning and restructuring. These three modes of care have significantly impacted how nurses provide congruent nursing care and fostered the creation of nurses that are culturally competent. In summary, Leininger can be considered the original creator of the concept of transcultural nursing (Andres & Bolye, 2016). She developed the processes that are vital in the provision of competent nursing care. Question 4 Andrew/Boyle’s Transcultural Interprofessional Practice (TIP) model is one of the most important nursing tools that can be applied in teaching, learning, consultation, research and practice by nurses in transcultural environments (Andrews & Boyle, 2019). There are key components of the Transcultural Interprofessional Practice (TIP) model. The model aims at providing patient centered care, based on logical and orderly decision making for safe culturally competent and congruent, evidence based affordable and quality for individuals from a variety of backgrounds and across different lifespans. The first one is the context from which the health related values, practices, believes and attitudes emerge. The context may be based on religion, ethnicity, geographical location or other factors in the environment of the client or patient (Andrews & Boyle, 2019). Under this component, the nurse is expected to transform their thinking to suit the religious, ethnical and cultural believes, attitudes and practices of their patient so that they offer appropriate healthcare services. The second component of the TIP model is the interprofessional healthcare team. Interprofessional collaboration is necessary in the provision of transcultural patient centered care. Based on this component, a healthcare team composed of a cadre of health professionals that include nurses, physicians, laboratory technicians, pharmacists, nutritionists, social workers and other workers should collaborate in providing quality and patient centered care to patients (Andrews & Boyle, 2019). A healthcare team comprised of people with complementary skills committed to a common purpose and performing goals aimed at the welfare of a patient or a group of patient is advocated by Andrew and Boyle. The third component of the TIP model is effective verbal and non-verbal communication among members of a team. In an interprofessional team, effective communication is necessary for the promotional of continuity and clarity in the patient care team. Poor communication creates room for medical errors (Andrews & Boyle, 2019). With clarity of orders, proper interpretation of information, and timely communication, quality and safety of patient care is assured. The fourth component is a scientific problem solving process of five systematic steps, scientific problem solving, mutual goal setting, implementation, evaluation and planning to ensure the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions and care. This component encourage the use of evidence based care. It requires that nurses and other healthcare personnel learn how to use evidence from research to provide the best possible care for their clients. References Andres, A.M. & Bolye, J.S. (2016). Transcultural Concepts in Nursing Care (7th ed.). Andrews, M. M., & Boyle, J. S. (2019). The Andrews/Boyle Transcultural Interprofessional Practice (TIP) Model. Journal of Transcultural Nursing , 30 (4), 323-330. Del Grosso, A. (2019). Application of Leininger’s Culture Care Theory in Family Medical History. Edwards, A. M. E. (2019). Implementation of a Transcultural Nursing Education Program to Improve Nurses’ Cultural Competence.

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