hi dear,

can help me to finish this assignment with good quality and be on time please?

Please follow the instructor carefully. There are 2 Discussions ,your response to classmates should be at least one paragraph for each Discussion, address the discussion topic or question, be respectful, and add to the discussion. You may draw upon personal experience, course or scholarly references, citing appropriately. Restating the primary response, or agreeing or disagreeing without supporting statements will result in a lower grade. 

In reference to including a paragraph for both primary and peer responses, 4-5 sentences constitute a paragraph.

Discussion one,

  Cigarettes and tobacco were an integral part of army life since the First World War. The British trade journal Tobacco claimed “It might almost be said that a man in the firing line first thinks of his cartridges and the very next thing he sees to worry about is ammunition for this pipe. The pipe itself is only less previous than the rifle.” When soldiers were departing for war it was common to give cigarettes as a farewell gift. Organizations such as the YMCA and Red Cross Society raised funds to ensure that troops received steady supply of tobacco products especially cigarettes. It was a different time and cigarettes were a way to deal with the stress of the day and it was a shared activity between friends. This continued to be a running theme during World War II and it progressed to tobacco companies provided free cigarettes to soldiers. This trend of cigarette smoking did not seem to fade away and it was adopted by everyone including healthcare professionals up until the 1950s. The Journal of American Medical Association published that smoking is now linked to several kinds of cancer, including lung cancer, and other diseases. It took nearly 15 years for Congress to pass the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, which require all cigarette packages to display warning from the Surgeon General. The Surgeon’s General report turned the tide of smoking as it had the most positive impact compared to any other interventions or campaigns that came subsequently. It has influenced many policies in 1975 cigarettes were not included in the military rations and the smoking rate  dropped down 32% from the 1980s according (Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Smoking Cessation in Military and Veteran Populations, Bondurant, S., & Wedge, R., 2009.

Discussion two,

  a. The surgeon general report in 1964 was highly evidence based backed by science, which wasn’t the case previously. According to the author of Major Tobacco-Related Events in the United States, George Grob, the report Smoking and Health was released. This report took thousands of studies focused on illnesses that cigarette smoking caused such as lung cancer and emphysema and presented them with scientific facts. After this report came out cigarette consumption was reduced by 15%. A big event that I believe “turned the tide” was the fact that insurance companies were offering discounted rates to nonsmokers. This is a big incentive to abstain from tobacco use. This report gave policy makers grounds to regulate the way ads presented smoking to the public, and create an advertising code that companies needed to abide by.

b. In 1968 Philip Morris released the Virginia Slim cigarettes. These had a great impact on woman, and they used the media to feed off of insecurities than women face on a daily basis. They used marketing strategies that emphasized “slim” and “thin” as a means of connecting with women who may have image issues. The ads even went to the extent of showing a woman dressed as a pharaoh, as a means to show power and control. This obviously caused a rise in the number of women who used tobacco, having a negative impact on the overall health of women. According to tobacco free kids, smoking still causes more than 80% of deaths in women due to cancer, and is also associated with spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and SIDS. This marketing strategy would still work in society today. I know as a young woman I have always struggled with body image. In my early 20’s I too smoked as a means to curb my appetite. There were even cigarettes that were created specifically for women in mind. They came in a sparkly pink box, and the paper the tobacco was wrapped in was pink. This to me was a more of a modern day marketing tactic that was largely related to what Philip Morris did with Virginia Slims.

c. In 1995 an article was released by JAMA that showed that tobacco companies knew about the adverse health effects and addictions caused by cigarette use. According to Robert N. Proctor, author of “everyone knew but no one had proof” :tobacco industry use of medical history expertise in US courts, 1990-2002, the argument placed blame on the consumers not the companies themselves. The companies claimed that, everyone had known there was an issue, but there was not sufficient scientific data to back it up. This most likely had an impact on all people who were smokers, but especially those who were middle aged to elderly. When they first began smoking they were under the impression that it was doing no harm to them, only to find out when it was too late that their health was significantly altered.

Thanks,

                                  Annotated Bibliography

The purpose of this assignment is to be able to actively search for relevant research related to your PICOT topic and present it in a formal annotated bibliography.

General Requirements:

• Refer to the resource, “Preparing Annotated Bibliographies,” located in the Student Success Center, for additional guidance on completing this assignment in the appropriate style.

• Doctoral learners are required to use Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide.

• You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite.

Directions:

As you search the library for scholarly research, limit your search to identify empirical articles. You can use the “Empirical Research Checklist” to help with this determination. Upon finding an empirical study, assess the validity of the conclusion by determining if the conclusion answers your proposed research question and if the methodology is appropriate.

Using the “Empirical Research Checklist” and your knowledge of finding empirical research articles, locate six articles directly related to your proposed PICOT question. You may use the three you used for the assignment in Topic 4.

Draft PICOT question: What is the impact of medication administration errors in pediatric patients?

Write an annotation for each of the six articles that includes a concise summary in your own words and the correct APA citation for each article.

ARTICLES PREVIOUSLY USED

References

Ameer, A. (2015). Safety measures to reduce medication administration errors in paediatric intensive care unit Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2299/16352

Bailey, C. R. (2002). Medication errors and adverse drug events in pediatric inpatients. Survey of Anesthesiology, 46(3), 158-159. doi:10.1097/00132586-200206000-00041

Kaushal, R., Bates, D. W., Landrigan, C., McKenna, K. J., Clapp, M. D., Federico, F., & Goldmann, D. A. (2001). Medication errors and adverse drug events in pediatric inpatients. Jama, 285(16), 2114-2120. doi:10.1001/jama.285.16.2114

New findings reported from johns hopkins university describe advances in pediatrics (interventions to reduce pediatric medication errors: A systematic review). (2014, Sep 20,). Pediatrics Week

Rinke ML, bundy DG, velasquez CA, rao S, zerhouni Y, lobner K, blanck JF, miller MR. interventions to reduce pediatric medication errors: A systematic review. pediatrics. 2014;134(2):338-360. (2015). Pediatrics, 136(3), 583. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-1344

Souza, Thais Lima Vieira De, Mota, R. d. O., Brito, Eva Anny Wélly de Souza, Farias, Laryssa Miranda Vidal Cavalcante, Matias, É O., & Lima, F. E. T. (2018). Patient safety in the administration of intramuscular medication in pediatrics: Assessment of the nursing practice. Revista Gaucha De Enfermagem, 39(1), e2017. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29846477

Safety in medication administration in pediatrics. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0103-21002012000400025&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en

Acute Pancreatitis 

       Acute pancreatitis is a condition where the pancreas inflames suddenly which can be mild or life threatening. This is an illness that usually requires the patient to be hospitalized. Some causes of this condition include gallstones, alcohol abuse, and even a virus. This condition could be hereditary and having cystic fibrosis may also contribute to this disease. A main symptoms of acute pancreatitis is severe abdominal pain.  If gallstones cause acute pancreatitis the pain comes on suddenly while alcohol results in a more gradual onset of pain. Other common symptoms include pain that increases with coughing, vigorous movement, and breathing deeply. The degree to which someone has symptoms also varies. Some patients may only have moderate to severe pain while others may have changes to their breathing, sweating, become tachycardic, and could have pleural effusion (Bansal, 2019).  

Diagnostic testing for Acute Pancreatitis 

       In order to diagnosis acute pancreatitis, blood tests and imaging may be used. There is not a conclusive blood test for this illness but testing can indicate a likelihood of having this condition. Some findings that indicate this illness is an increase in pancreatic enzymes amylase and lipase. The patient may also have an increase in white blood cells and blood urea nitrogen. Some imaging used to diagnosis acute pancreatitis include ultrasounds, Computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Most of these imaging tests show inflammation or changes to the pancreas (Bansal, 2019).   

Treatment 

       Some treatment for acute pancreatitis include IV fluids, pain medication, nutritional education, and in some cases endoscopy or surgery. Most of the treatment will occur in a hospital setting. (Bansal, 2019). The IV fluids are to help prevent dehydration, pain medication is necessary for those with abdominal pain. Unfortunately, not all patients are fortunate enough to get pain relief through pain medication with this illness. If a patient is hospitalized it is not uncommon for that patient to fast. This is necessary to help the pancreas recover and help get inflammation under control. In severe cases, a feeding tube could be warranted. Other ways to help with treatment could include enzymes to help improve digestion and moving toward low-fat meals that are also high in nutrients (Mayo Clinic, 2018).  As a provider, if I had a patient come in that I suspected could have acute pancreatitis I would refer this patient to the ER to be properly evaluated. I would not want to waste time on this patient in the event there condition was already severe or worsened.  

Reference 

Bansal, R. (2019). Acute Pancreatitis. Retrieved from https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/pancreatitis/acute-pancreatitis

 (Links to an external site.)

Links to an external site.

  

Mayo Clinic. (2018). Pancreatitis. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360233

Research online and find a recent medical error that made the news. Answer the following questions.

1. What happened in the incident?
2. Who was involved?
3. What were the ramifications for the patient and/or staff?
4. Reflect on the incident and think about some causes and possible interventions that could have prevented the error.

Please incorporate the work cited in APA style.

 Please create a Power Point to answer the following:

Case study

Ann, a community nurse, made an afternoon home visit with Susan and her father. After the death of her mother, Susan had growing concerns about her father living alone. “I worry about my father all the time. He is becoming more forgetful and he has trouble seeing. Mom used to take care of him. I am not sleeping and I am irritable around him. Yesterday I shouted at him because he wouldn’t let me help him with his laundry. I felt terrible! I am at my wits’ end! My brothers and sisters do not want to put dad in a nursing home but they are not willing to help out. As usual, they have left me with all the responsibility. I work part time and have two small children to care for.” Susan’s father, Sam, sat quietly with tears filling his eyes. He was well nourished and well-groomed but would not make eye contact. Nurse Ann noticed that the house was clean and orderly. A tray in front of the TV had the remains of a ham sandwich and glass of ice tea. Mail was piled up, unopened on a small table near the front door. There was only one car in the driveway and the yard was in need of attention.

1. What questions does Orlando’s theory guide the nurse to consider in caring for Susan and Sam?
2. Develop a family plan of care from the perspective of Orlando.

Explore the 1950 and 60’s in the United States:

1. Explore was happening in the United States during this time (culture, social, economics, struggles)
2. What did nursing look like during this time (what were their jobs like, responsibilities, dress, autonomy, respect)
3. What is the most influential accomplishment in nursing theory from the 1950’s and 1960’s?

Power Point should include at least 4 outside references and the textbook. It should include title and reference slides and be 14-20 slides.