Select a medication used in evidence-based treatment guidelines for the condition chosen in the first discussion question. Share the mechanism of action of this medication and hints for monitoring, side effects, and drug interactions of which one should be aware. . Include the name of the medication in the subject line so that the medications can be followed.  2 pages -Include your references in APA style. 

1 page answering both questions. No plagarism. Class discussion response.

APA format. 

Describe the difference in lesion characteristics between benign and malignant lesions. Discuss three common benign lesions and three precancerous or cancerous lesions.

 Discuss the findings of BPH and prostate cancer. How would the presentation differ? What is the significance of the PSA testing in these patients? How would you differentiate between BPH and prostate cancer? What would your treatment plan be for each? 

To Prepare:

Review the Resources and consider the importance of critically appraising research evidence.

Reflect on the four peer-reviewed articles you selected in Module 2 and analyzed in Module 3.

Review and download the Critical Appraisal Tools document provided in the Resources.

The Assignment (Evidence-Based Project)

Part 4A: Critical Appraisal of Research

Conduct a critical appraisal of the four peer-reviewed articles you selected and analyzed by completing the Critical Appraisal Tools document. Be sure to include:

An evaluation table

A levels of evidence table

An outcomes synthesis table

Part 4B: Critical Appraisal of Research

Based on your appraisal, in a 1-2-page critical appraisal, suggest a best practice that emerges from the research you reviewed. Briefly explain the best practice, justifying your proposal with APA citations of the research.

I need a comment for each paragraph

Paragraph 1

One way for the nurse to gather cultural information from patient would be the use of the Heritage Assessment Tool (HAT). This method helps nurses to gather cultural information on their patients by asking questions such as: where was your mother born, in what setting did you grow up, who lived with you while growing up, do you practice religion in your home and do you participate in ethnic activities. This helps the nurse in obtaining information based on the patient’s culture, beliefs, needs and practices that can affect their health care and treatment (Falkner, 2018). Nurses are culturally competent when caring for patients. This means a nurse provides care while being aware of differences related to culture, and is able to tailor plans of care based on patient choices that can be based on their culture (Falkner, 2018). This approach helps to provide holistic care to patients and the nurse addresses psychosocial and physical needs. Cultural competence relates to better care because the nurse incorporates the patient’s beliefs and wants into their health care. There is a trusting relationship between the health care team and patient, increased cooperation from the patient and increased participation from the community. With this cooperation, there is an action plan to help reduce health disparities. One way a nurse provides culturally competent care to Arab Americans, for example, would be having same-sex health care providers. Modesty is valued, so therefore, should be honored by the nurse to preserve this value.

Paragraph 2

Nurses can improve healthcare delivery and close the gap on healthcare disparities when they provide culturally competent care (Falkner, 2018). Nurses can gather cultural information from their patients by asking about their diet at home, carefully taking note of any restrictions that are important to the patient such as vegetarianism. I have had experience with patients who are Kosher and therefore are unable to have Heparin. It is important for nurses to continually educate themselves on other cultures, especially if they are unfamiliar with the patient’s culture. Also, nurses must remain aware of their own biases while delivering culturally competent care (Murphy, 2011). Nurses demonstrate cultural competence when they use a translator to communicate with their patients. The beds in the ICU where I work all have some basic phrases and even some questions that can be played on the bed’s speaker for the patient to hear; for example, telling the patient where they are/what the day is to help reorient intubated/sedated patients. We use the beds language feature along with the hospital approved translator.

Comment 1

P-values or significance level is commonly used (e.g. clinical trials) to determine whether hypothesis tested (comparison of groups’ characteristics) was significant or not. Often outcomes are labeled with “statistically significant” “non-statistically significant” “unlikely due to chance”, or “due to chance”, and so forth. Researchers make conclusions whether to reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis, vice versa, based on significant level.

Alpha levels are set depending on nature of experiments. Researchers set rate how much error is tolerable. For instance, 0.01 alpha level is more liberal than a conservative 0.001 alpha level. Many clinical trials choose alpha level of 0.05. Those drugs on clinical trial with higher alpha level of 0.05 rarely receive FDA approval. In a Phase II clinical trial, where effectiveness and safety is still being evaluated and there are fewer treatment options (for example for rare type diseases), scientist might set a liberal alpha level (Palesch, 2014). Many higher alpha levels are driven by studies’ cost and lower alpha levels by risks such as possible lifelong disability or death. For instance, in Phase III clinical trial such as testing efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) on post stroke patients require a conservative alpha level such as 0.02 (Rusyniak, et al. 2018,) or even more stringent level.

Comment 2

The Greek letter alpha is significant in hypothesis testing.  There is not a universal value of alpha that should be used on all statistical tests. Choosing the alpha level is a judgement call of the researcher and it depends on the situation.  Raising the alpha level poses more risk to type I and type II errors. Raising the alpha level is
usually related to having a small or limited sample size.

An experiment when the alpha level 0.01l might be used is in a study of a medical screen for a disease. An example, testing for cancer.  All possibilities must be considered when the choosing the alpha level, The possibilities that he test may give a false positive report of cancer along with a report of egative when the disease was actually positive but the test did not catch the isease. A false positive will increase the patient’s anxiety leading to other ests and in the end the test was negative. This creates a type 1 error. The patient hat tested negative will not get the treatment that they needed for the isease which can lead to death and this is a type II error.  Increasing the alpha level to 0.1 could result n a lower likelihood of a false negative