1.  Discuss the historical trends and current conceptions of the cause and treatment of substance abuse.

2.  Describe the ethical and legal implications of substance abuse.

3.  Identify factors that influence violence.

4.  Identify at-risk populations for violence and the role of public health in dealing with the epidemic of violence.

As stated in the syllabus present your assignment in an APA format, word document, Arial 12 font attached to the forum in the discussion tab of the blackboard titled “Week 6 discussion questions”.  A minimum of 2 evidence-based references is required.  A minimum of 600 words is required!

Respond by providing an additional scholarly resource that supports or challenges their position along with a brief explanation of the resource

NOTE: I need a positive comment about the post bellow

                                                             Main Post

According to neuroscience, psychotherapy is purely biological treatment. Psychotherapy addresses the way the brain develops, matures and functions. It bases its operations on the principles of both genetics and evolutionary adaptation of the brain. In its applications, psychotherapy aims at deactivating maladaptive mappings of the brain and instils positive and constructive pathways (Javanbakht and Alberini, 2019). It doesn’t act or involve one receptor or molecules and few modulators rather it interacts with all biological phenomena involving complex, interconnected responses of the brain. The profession deals with aligning the whole organism in the constructive pathways and thus must understand the biological principles playing on the organism. For instance, understanding g the functions of the brain are biological. (Fournier and Price, 2014). As the trillions of neurons connect, they map human experiences and memories. Neuronal connections form a large network of circuits in cortex, which collects and define human experiences in consciousness. The conscience forms symbolic forms in the brain. Psychotherapy is coherent with the genetics of individuals. It deals with the troublesome adjustments of the brain in a sequence of their evolution. Psychotherapy shuts down the mismanaged brain mappings and helps the brain to develop new constructive pathways. Our brain keeps track of our memories through a complex neuronal network that has billions and trillions of nervous connections. Interconnected loops of neurons make huge circuits that track and map in the structure of the cortex. As the environments change, all experiences are mapped in the brain as memories (Wheeler, 2014).

 Explain HOW Culture, Religion, and Socioeconomics might influence one’s perspective of the value of Psychotherapy Treatments.

 Culture has a strong impact on our interactions. Culture has a role in our understanding of health and the phenomenon of healing. Culture has a constructive role in framing assumptions within the psychotherapy experience. Different cultures perceive psychotherapy in different ways. In conventional psychotherapy experience, people have a social behavior of discussing their matters with a skilled professional. It involves mutual understanding, confidence, vulnerability, and the probability of change. The basics of psychotherapy in western culture emphasizes independence and self-development.

 Clients to process information and shape judgments use religions and spiritual beliefs. Religion has a major moral impact on behavior, emotions, thought processes, feelings, and experiences that are interconnected with the psychotherapy Knowledge into religion beliefs of the client is therefore important in driving therapeutic. A good therapeutic practice should promote good religious values, which will in turn promote positive belief system, mobilize hope and boost coping abilities of the client. This increase recovery progress and thus success (Holttum, 2014).

 Various aspects of socio-economic status (SES) affect psychotherapeutic success. Clinical reaction based on the socio-economic condition of individuals was not much explained in past but recent studies have proven the impact. The socioeconomic status of the patient has a role to change the perception of both patients himself and psychotherapist. The class or economic condition can affect of the patient’s active issues, main concerns, symptoms of condition and prognosis of ongoing psychotherapy. Clients treatment expectancy; offer social support which are key in overall predicting the client’s positive changes psychotherapeutic sessions.

                                                              References

Javanbakht, A., & Alberini, C. M. (2019). Neurobiological models of psychotherapy. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 13, 144.

American Nurses Association. (2014). Psychiatric-mental health nursing: Scope and standards of practice (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Standard 1 “Assessment” (pages 44 & 45).

Fournier, J. C., & Price, R. B. (2014). Psychotherapy and neuroimaging. Psychotherapy: New Evidence and New Approaches, 12(3), 290–298. Retrieved from  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4207360/  

Coté, M. (2015, February 7). The Role of Culture in Psychotherapy. Retrieved February 22, 2020, from https://www.drmalakaicote.com/blog/2015/2/7/the-role-of-culture-in-psychotherapy

Wheeler, K. (Eds.). (2014). Psychotherapy for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse: A how-to guide for evidence-based practice (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. Chapter 1, “The Nurse Psychotherapist and a Framework for Practice” (pp. 3–52).

This is an individual assignment. Applying what you have learned thus far, develop a community teaching proposal designed to address the needs of your community.

Select one of the following as the focus for the teaching plan:

1. Primary Prevention/Health Promotion
2. Secondary Prevention/Screenings for a Vulnerable Population
3. Bioterrorism/Disaster
4. Environmental Issues

Complete the “Community Teaching Work Plan Proposal.” This will help you organize your plan and create an outline for the written assignment.

1. After completing the teaching proposal, review the teaching plan with a community health and public health provider in your local community.
2. Request feedback (strengths and opportunities for improvement) from the provider.
3. Complete the “Community Teaching Experience” form.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. 

You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

Coffee Consumption and Cardio-Vascular Diseases

    There has always been a controversy about coffee consumption. While many say it causes various cardiovascular problems others say that coffee is actually beneficial for the health.

    Lang et al. (1983) showed that there was blood pressure (BP) increase from 125.6/79.8 +/- 15.0/10.5 mm Hg in non-coffee consumption category to 128.1/80.6 +/- 15.6/10.2 mm Hg in the highest consumption category (greater than or equal to 5 cups/day). They concluded that coffee was a significant contributor to the variation in BP levels. Riksen, Rongen and Smits (2008) in their work “Acute and long-term cardiovascular effects of coffee: Implications for coronary heart disease” indicated that “both experimental studies and epidemiological studies favor a deleterious role of coffee consumption as a trigger for coronary events, rather than in promoting the development of atherosclerosis” (p.189).

    Revuelta-Iniesta and Al-Dujaili (2008) studied biochemical aspects of green and black coffee and proposed that coffee intake, especially green coffee, might play a role in the reduction of cardiovascular risk factors and perhaps cardio-vascular diseases (CVD) in the long term. In the same 2008 year Geleijnse conducted a metanalysis of multiple studies and came to conclusion that regular coffee intake does not increase the risk of hypertension. 

    Some may argue that even though coffee consumption is considered safe for healthy individuals, it still may be harmful if consumed by people who already suffer from CVD. But recent work by Chrysant (2017) demonstrated that coffee consumption has either neutral or beneficial effects on BP, CVD, heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, and diabetes mellitus (DM). 

     Changes in approach to one of the most popular beverages explained by different types of coffee that was studied. If years ago people drunk mainly boiled coffee, nowadays we prefer filtered coffee. According to O’Keefe et al. (2013) filtered coffee contains less amounts of cafestol and kahweol, substances which increase serum cholesterol. This supports previously mentioned conclusion of Riksen et al. (2008), that coffee consumption does not promote the development of atherosclerosis. In fact, to O’Keefe et al. (2013) indicated in the same work that coffee intake is beneficial in reduction of DM type two and may reduce the risk of stroke. Also, regular coffee intake does not cause increase in BP, although in non-habitual drinkers temporary BP increase is noticed.

    In conclusion, contrary to older studies coffee consumption considered not harmful and even beneficial, in some cases, nowadays. One of the explanations for this is the way coffee brewed. It may be concluded that filtered coffee is healthier than boiled coffee. Accidental consumption of this beverage by people who already suffer from chronic CVD is not recommended, whereas habitual drinkers can consume coffee regardless of their CVD status. 

References:

Chrysant, S. G. (2017). The impact of coffee consumption on blood pressure, cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 15(3), 151–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/14779072.2017.1287563

Geleijnse, J. M. (2008). Habitual coffee consumption and blood pressure: an epidemiological perspective. Vascular Health Risk Manag, 4, 963–970. https://doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S3055 

Lang T., Degoulet P., Aime F., Fouriaud C., Jacquinet-Salord M.C., Laprugne J., Main J., Oeconomos J., Phalente J., Prades A. (1983). Relation between coffee drinking and blood pressure: Analysis of 6,321 subjects in the Paris region. The American Journal of Cardiology, 52(12), 1238-1242

O’Keefe, J. H., Bhatti, S. K., Patil, H. R., DiNicolantonio, J. J., Lucan, S. C., & Lavie, C. J. (2013). Effects of Habitual Coffee Consumption on Cardiometabolic Disease, Cardiovascular Health, and All-Cause Mortality. Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC), 62(12), 1043–1051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.06.035

Revuelta-Iniesta R.and Al-Dujaili E.A.S. (2014).  Consumption of Green Coffee Reduces Blood Pressure and Body Composition by Influencing 11b-HSD1 Enzyme Activity in Healthy Individuals: A Pilot Crossover Study Using Green and Black Coffee. BioMed Research International, 2014, 1-9. 

Riksen, N. P., Rongen, G. A., & Smits, P. (2009). Acute and long-term cardiovascular effects of coffee: Implications for coronary heart disease. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 121(2), 185–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.10.006

Conduct a literature search to locate a journal article related to the health or health care practices of Arab people. Present a summary of the journal article, and examine how the information presented may impact your nursing practice. Please provide a copy of the journal article (or hyperlink) if possible. 400 words