Asthma

Complications of asthma can be sudden. Consider the case of Bradley Wilson, a young boy who had several medical conditions. He appeared in good health when he went to school, returned home, and ate dinner. However, when he later went outside to play, he came back inside wheezing. An ambulance took him to the hospital where he was pronounced dead (Briscoe, 2012). In another case, 10-year-old Dynasty Reese, who had mild asthma, woke up in the middle of the night and ran to her grandfather’s bedroom to tell him she couldn’t breathe. By the time paramedics arrived, she had passed out and was pronounced dead at the hospital (Glissman, 2012). These situations continue to outline the importance of recognizing symptoms of asthma and providing immediate treatment, as well as distinguishing minor symptoms from serious, life-threatening symptoms. Since these symptoms and attacks are often induced by a trigger, as an advanced practice nurse, you must be able to help patients identify their triggers and recommend appropriate treatment options. For this reason, you need to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic asthma and acute asthma exacerbation.

To Prepare

· Review “Asthma” in Chapter 27 of the Huether and McCance text. Identify the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic asthma and acute asthma exacerbation. Consider how these disorders are similar and different.

· Select a patient factor different from the one you selected in this week’s Discussion: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior. Think about how the factor you selected might impact the pathophysiology of both disorders. Reflect on how you would diagnose and prescribe treatment of these disorders for a patient based on the factor you selected.

· Review the “Mind maps—Dementia, Endocarditis, and Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)” media in the Week 2 Learning Resources. Use the examples in the media as a guide to construct two mind maps—one for chronic asthma and one for acute asthma exacerbation. Consider the epidemiology and clinical presentation of both chronic asthma and acute asthma exacerbation.

To Complete

Write a 2- to 3-page paper that addresses the following:

· Describe the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic asthma and acute asthma exacerbation. Be sure to explain the changes in the arterial blood gas patterns during an exacerbation.

· Explain how the factor you selected might impact the pathophysiology of both disorders. Describe how you would diagnose and prescribe treatment for a patient based on the factor you selected.

· Construct two mind maps—one for chronic asthma and one for acute asthma exacerbation. Include the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation, as well as the diagnosis and treatment you explained in your paper.

                                                               Learning Resources

Required Readings

Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

• Chapter 26, “Structure and      Function of the Pulmonary System”

This chapter provides information relating to the structure and function of the pulmonary system to illustrate normal pulmonary function. It focuses on gas transport to build the foundation for examining alterations of pulmonary function.

• Chapter 27, “Alterations of      Pulmonary Function”

This chapter examines clinical manifestations of pulmonary alterations and disorders of the chest wall and pleura. It covers the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, evaluation, and treatment of obstructive lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis, and emphysema.

• Chapter 28, “Alterations of      Pulmonary Function in Children”

This chapter focuses on alterations of pulmonary function that affect children. These alterations include disorders of the upper and lower airways.

Hammer, G. G. , & McPhee, S. (2014). Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine. (7th ed.) New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

• Chapter 9, “Pulmonary      Disease”

This chapter begins with an overview of normal structure and function of the lungs to provide a foundation for examining various lung diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Required Media

Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2012e). Mid-course review. Baltimore, MD: Author.

This media is an interactive mid-course review covering course content.

Optional Resources

American Lung Association. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.lung.org/ 

Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.aafa.org 

Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.cff.org/ 

I need a response for this 2 peers 

PEER 1

Common Risk Factors for Polypharmacy 

Multimorbidity 

Multimorbodity refers to the co – occurrence of two or more chronic conditions. Individuals aged 70 years and above are most likely to suffer from chronic illnesses that come with old age. In regards to polypharmacy, research has shown that patients who have eight or more diagnosed diseases are at the highest risk for polypharmacy (Ersoy & Engin, 2018). 

Frailty  

Frailty refers to a clinical syndrome especially in older adults that carries increased risk for decline in health and proper functioning of the body. Frailty predisposes older people to polypharmacy due to the multiple chronic illnesses they may be suffering from, thus the need for medication for each illness (Hovstadius & Petersson, 2016). 

Nurses are better placed to identify the patients at risk for polypharmacy as well as to educate the patients and their families on risk reduction (Willie, 2019).In my clinical practice, I would employ strategies that would help the patients to manage their medications and prevent polypharmacy. For instance, I would discuss with the patients, the need for keeping an accurate list for all the medications they are taking including both over the counter and prescription. I would also advise them to record the medication names, the dosing frequency of the prescribed dosage and the reason for prescription.  

In addition, I would advise the patients to identify and use one pharmacy which to obtain their medications which is important in ensuring that they get the correct dosage as well as reduce the possibility of adverse effects of drugs and interactions (Willie, 2019). Additionally, I would caution them on adhering to their medication in addition to ensuring that they take only the medicine that have been prescribed for them without sharing with others or saving them to use at a later date. I would also help the patients in the establishment of memory aids that would help them to remember to take their doses without fail. 

PEER 2

Polypharmacy will be the usage of a number of different medications by an individual. It’s a typical act which is now practiced by the aged individuals but gets to generate much more damage than good. Polypharmacy is related with numerous unwanted effects on the patient. The risks include greater healthcare cost and increased danger of negative drug events, generally known to us ADEs (Duerden et al., 2013). 

Increased healthcare costs: It’s been mentioned that polypharmacy is related elevated outpatient trips. This has hospitalization which results to increased healthcare price for the individuals. The medications which the individuals snap aren’t provided cost-free (Holmes, 2012). Consequently, they’ve to invest additional cash which they didn’t for to obtain the medications they would like. Thus, that raises the original quantity of expense that they had been using on drugs. The greater number of medications you decide to use, the greater number of cash you invest on medications. 

Adverse drug events (ADE): Research done in 2005 proved that more than 4.3 million folks check out the healthcare because of problems of ADE. The majority of this particular cases are deemed to be from individuals that use much more five distinct kinds of medicines. Thus, the individual take more medicines believing that they will be helped by it, though they wind up heading to the hospital due to the medications they shoot that have been designed to assist them obtain perfectly (Holmes, 2012). 

As a nurse practitioner pupil, I’d choose that aged individuals have being examined often. Doctors and nurses must recommend one medication to an individual rather than offering them a lot of medicines for only one problem (Duerden et al., 2013). One more thing is the fact that medication must be given to start from probably the lowest. For instance, a medication which may receive when one day really should be chosen with a drug which is provided 3 times one day. 

To conclude, identifying polypharmacy is able to help to get much better results in the aged individuals consequently, can help enhance the lifetime of the individuals. To review the medicine of the individuals may additionally assist the aged individuals to stay away from the results of utilizing a variety of prescriptions (polypharmacy) (Duerden et al., 2013).
 

–Use at least 2 evidenced-based, peer-reviewed references no older than 5 years. APA 6th format. 

–This the original homework if you needed:

• Discuss two (2) common risk factors for polypharmacy. Give rationale for each identified risk factor.
• Discuss two interventions you can take as a Nurse Practitioner in your clinical practice to prevent polypharmacy and its complications.

1.  In your own words and using the proper evidence-based references define communicable and infectious disease.  Discuss if there is any similarity and how they related each other.  Give some example of communicable disease and infectious disease and why they are classified like that. 

 2.  Discuss the vaccination requirement in our state and tell me if they are given to prevent communicable of infectious disease.  Give examples.  

3.  Discuss why is no a “typical” STI patient.  Why does the presence of STI greatly increased the risk of HIV transmission?  

4.  Present an overview of the medication Prep (Truvada) and discuss the pros and cons of the use of this medication in the prevention of communicable and infectious disease.  

As stated in the course syllabus this assignment must be presented based on the instructions given;  in an APA format word document, Arial 12 font, attached to the forum tab in the discussion board titled “Week 4 discussion questions”.   A minimum of 3 evidence-based references no older than 5 years  (excluding the class textbook) is required. You must post at least two replies to any of your peers sustained with the proper references.  A minimum of 600 words is required (excluding first and last page

NR226 RUA Concept Map Grading Rubric

NR226 RUA Concept Map Grading Rubric

Criteria Ratings Pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Introduction of Disease (10 points/10%)

1.Age
2.Medical diagnosis
3.Brief review of underlying pathophysiology
*List what functional changes are happening
*List process that initiated and maintained disorder or disease