Social determinants of health – Availability of resources to meet daily needs (e.g., safe housing and local food markets), Access to educational, economic, and job opportunities, Access to health care services, Quality of education and job training, Availability of community-based resources in support of community living and opportunities for recreational and leisure-time activities, Transportation options, Public safety, Social support, Social norms and attitudes (e.g., discrimination, racism, and distrust of government), Exposure to crime, violence, and social disorder (e.g., presence of trash and lack of cooperation in a community), Socioeconomic conditions (e.g., concentrated poverty and the stressful conditions that accompany it), Residential segregation, Language/Literacy, Access to mass media and emerging technologies (e.g., cell phones, the Internet, and social media), and Culture (HealthyPeople 2020, n.d.) 1-1-These social determinants contribute to the development of illness by the fact that not all people have the knowledge or resources to stay or get healthy. The communicable disease chain involves a susceptible host, etiologic agent, reservoir, port of exit, method of transmission, and portal of entry (Chain of infection, n.d.) A step a nurse can take to break the chain would be hand washing to break the mode of transmission. Having patients wear a mask with cough is another to stop the transmission. (Maurer, 2013)

  

2-Social determinants of health are conditions in the environments in which people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks. Conditions (e.g.,as social, economic and physical) in these various environments and settings (e.g., school, church, workplace, and neighborhood) have been referred to as “place”. In addition to the more material attributes of “place,” the aptterns of social engagement and sense of secutity and well-being are also affected by where people live. Resouces that enhance quality of life can have significant influence on population health outcomes. Examples of these would include safe and affordable housing, access to education, public safety, availability of health foods, local emergency/health services, and environments free of life-threatening toxins.

The social determinants that make people healthy or contribute to illness is income or social status since higher income and social status are linked to better health. The greater the gap between the richest and poorest people, the greater the differences in health. Second, is the physical environment such as having access to safe water and clean air, healthy workplaces, safe houses, communities and road all contribute to good health. Third, genetics since inheretence plays a part in determining lifespan, healthiness and the likelihood of developing certain illnesses. Personal behavior and coping skills, balanced eating, keeping active, smoking, drinking, and how we deal with life stresses and challenges all affect health. Fourth, would be having access to health services that prevent and treat disease influences one’s health. Also gender plays a role in illness since both men and women suffer from different types of diseases at different ages.

Communicable disease chain is a continuous sequence of a disease process that starts when a causative agent leaves its reservoir or host through a portal of exit, is conveyed by some mode of transmission and enters through an appropriate portal of entry to infect a susceptible host (CDC, 2012)

Steps nurses can take to stop germs from spreading is by cleaning your hands frequently, staying up to date on your vaccines(including flu shot), covering coughs and sneezes and staying home when sick, following the rules for standard and contact isolation, using personal protective equipment the right way, cleaning and disinfecting the environment, sterilizing medical instruments and equipment, following safe injection practices, and using antibiotics wisely to prevent antibiotic resistance. 

3 So true, I just watched a co-worker grieve the loss of her grandfather. He passed away from cancer. The interesting part is that he was just two years away from recieving medicare in which he could have recieved the cancer treatment he needed to maybe beat it or live a little while longer. But, because he did not qualify yet and he did not have insurance that would cover it or enough savings to help he did not recieve treatment 

  

4-you did a great job on malnutrition issue on global health.  Many children and adults are suffering from malnutrition from either too much foods that are not balanced and too little foods that cannot be filled the hungry stomach of children’s and adults’ in many nations worldwide and there is no room to consider about malnutrition or multivitamins and minerals.  Malnutrition converys not only lacking of foods but also well balanced food that human body need to intake to maintain health, and proper physical development.  

I once saw a documentary film about nutrition and showed a rural village in China, women did not eat fresh vegetables and fruits and their primary diets was flour and grains.  They don’t have vegetables and fruits due to the weather and land consition. Lacking of folic acid from their diets, these women gave birth to babies born with spina bifida, 8 out of 10 babies.  Especially, women have to consume a healthy diet when they want to get pregnant for the healthy future.

  

5-Obesity is worldwide. Most of the times it is caused by poor eating habits and financial constraints. For instance, in America, the system is made in such a way that people are always on the go.Most people do not have time to cook so they eat fast food eneryday. It is easy and much cheaper to buy. I think the population, mostly the low income needs to be educated on the importance of eating healthy.

   

6-Malnutrition is a worldwide problem which affects mainly children and is responsible for approximately one third of death in children. Malnutritions occurs when basic nutritional needs are not met. Vitamins, calories, proteins and healthy fats are vital for proper growth and development to occur in utero and in the growth and development years. It is responsible for low intelligence, stunted growth, and retardation (Maurer & Smith, 2013). In some of the developing countries micronutrient malnutrition is prevalent. These micronutrients are needed in small amounts and must come from the food that we consume. Micronutrients are also needed for proper development and disease prevention. These nutrients consist of iron, iodine, vitamin A, folate and zinc. Although many of the health issues related to the micronutrient deficiencies mainly affect the young in developing countries many of these issues are also seen in developed countries. The effect these health issues can have on the health system results in enormous health cost ranging from procedures that are needed and the illnesses that are related to underweight and neurological deficits. Children with stunted growth have diffficulty learning and require extra money and resources for repeated grades. The learning deficits go on to affect these kids throughout their lives with increased stress, low self esteem, low paying jobs, and inadequate to no access to healthcare. The Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) (2012) states that the adults that were malnourished as children earn less than 20% than those who weren’t.  Countries can see a loss of their Gross Domestic product (GDP) from iron, iodine, and zinc deficiencies. Nurses in the hospital setting also see many admissions that are directly related to malnutrition in the older population too. Poor wound healing, muscle atrophy leading to falls, and weak immune systems are all related to poor nutrition and repeated hospital admissions.

Inspite of many organizations that help with feeding the hungry, malnutrition is prevalent around the world. I think healthcare delivery systems need to be more aggressive in addressing malnutrition in their communities. According to feeding America (2016) one in seven people are hungry and find it difficult to get enough food to eat. Being a powerful and one of the wealthiest country in the world and yet the people are found hungry. It is hard for me to believe this as it would be for anyone else as well. Health facilities need to conduct a survey in their communities to learn more about the people that are in need of food. I think addressing hunger at home first is a priority and then we can assist globally.

I need this in 150 words for each question. Individual References and no plagiarism

MODULE 1

DQ1

Identify a historical public health nurse who made significant contribution to the field of public health. Describe the event and the nurse’s intervention in response to the event. Discuss the outcome of the nurse’s intervention. How has this influenced the foundations of public health nursing today?

DQ2

Review the three core functions and 10 essential public health services in the textbook. Imagine as a public health nurse, a 23-year-old recently unemployed single mother of a 6-month-old and 2-year-old enters your facility seeking your assistance for support in services for housing, food assistance, health care, and referrals for daily needs. Using these guiding principles, identify agencies within your community and the services they provide that may benefit this family.

Study Materials

Read “Public Health Nursing: A Rich History,” by Hogan, from Florida Nurse (2015). URL:https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=109839808&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Read “The Origins of Public Health Nursing: The Henry Street Visiting Nurse Service,” by Fee and Bu, from NCBI (2010). URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2882394/

Read “Public Health Nursing in the United States: A History,” by Lewenson, located on the Nurse Key website (2016). URL: https://nursekey.com/public-health-nursing-in-the-united-states-a-history/

MODULE 2

DQ1

Examine the Quad Council of Public Health Nursing Organization competences as they relate to the standards of public health nursing practice. Identify a major public health issue facing nursing today and discuss ways in which you think these competencies ensure public health nurses are equipped to address the issue.

DQ2

With the future of health care in the United States and public health needs changing, how can the masters-prepared public health nurse be influential within professional organizations to drive or support change? Consider issues of access, health disparities, and funding mechanism in your response.

STUDY MATERIALS

Review Chapter 2 and read Chapter 5 in Public Health Nursing: Practicing Population-Based Care. URL: https://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/jones-and-bartlett/2018/public-health-nursing_practicing-population-based-care_3e.php

Read “Interprofessional Education Accreditation Standards in the USA: A Comparative Analysis,” by Zorek, from Journal of Interprofessional Care (2013). URL:https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=104241666&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Explore the Healthy People website. URL: https://www.healthypeople.gov/

Read “QuickFacts United States,” from United States Census Bureau (2017). URL: https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045217

Explore the County Health Rankings and Roadmaps website. URL: http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/

MODULE 3

DQ1

Select a setting you would like to practice in as a public health nurse. What interests you about it? Discuss the population that is served. What are the primary health needs and barriers the population may face in obtaining access to necessary health promotion and disease prevention interventions? What is the nurse’s role in that setting in assisting the population in overcoming those barriers?

DQ2

Discuss the public health nurse’s unique role as advocate the public health needs of the community. Consider factors such as policy, laws, regulation, and leadership in your response.

STUDY MATERIALS

Review Chapter 1, and read Chapters 5, 6 and 18 in Public Health Nursing: Practicing Population-Based Care. URL: https://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/jones-and-bartlett/2018/public-health-nursing_practicing-population-based-care_3e.php

Read “Expanding Access to Care: Scope of Practice Laws,” by Hoke and Hexem, from Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics (2017). URL:https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=122737836&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Read “Considering Disparities: How Do Nurse Practitioner Regulatory Policies, Access to Care, And Health Outcomes Vary Across Four States?” by Sonenberg and Knepper, from Nursing Outlook (2017). URL: https://www-sciencedirect-com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S0029655416303177?

Read “Public Health Nursing,” from American Nurses Association (n.d.). URL: https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/workforce/public-health-nursing/

Explore the Healthy People website. URL: https://www.healthypeople.gov/

MODULE 4

DQ1

Imagine speaking with a person whose first language is not English about experiences with health care professionals who do not speak his or her language. Identify social determinants for this person and interventions for meeting their needs.

DQ2

Using the Participant Observation technique, identify health issues prominent within a cultural group from your community to describe your observations. What challenges might public health nurses face in eliminating bias in their assessment and treatment of people of other cultures? Discuss the public health nurse’s ethical and moral obligation to treat others equally and with respect in the context of Jesus’s teaching that we treat others as we would like to be treated.

MODULE 5

DQ1

Locate a current peer reviewed journal article that applies a nursing theory to guide public health nurses in community care. How can this theory be applied to public health interventions?

DQ2

Several models support the practice of health promotion and disease prevention. Discuss one model that you can use in the public health setting and provide an example specific to your current situation. Consider what aspects the model incorporates from the Minnesota Department of Health’s public health intervention wheel in your response.

STUDY MATERIALS

Review Chapter 2 and read Chapter 6 in Public Health Nursing: Practicing Population-Based Care.URL: https://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/jones-and-bartlett/2018/public-health-nursing_practicing-population-based-care_3e.php

Read “Changing Practice: Frameworks from Implementation Science,” by Flannery and Rotondo, from Oncology Nursing Forum (2016). URL:https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=114755749&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Read “Application of the Self Care Deficit Nursing Theory: The Community Context,” by Green, from Self-Care, Dependent-Care & Nursing (2013). URL:https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=104207318&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Read “Assessment of Collaboration in U.S. Health Care Delivery: A Perspective from Systems Theory,” by McCovery and Matusitz, from Social Work in Public Health (2014). URL: https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/19371918.2013.865109

Read “Public Health Interventions: Applications for Nursing Practice,” from the Minnesota Department of Health, (2018). URL: http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/opi/cd/phn/wheel.html Explore the Nursing Theory website. URL: http://www.nursing-theory.org/

MODULE 6

DQ1

After reading various topic resources and textbook chapters, summarize a historical ethical dilemma in public health. How may this relate to a current ethical dilemma? Were there any lessons learned from the historical event that can help public health nurses address the current ethical dilemma?

DQ2

Using the ethical dilemma in discussion question one, discuss a role nurses could play in creating an ethical practice environment. How can you promote a quality ethical practice that supports the wellbeing of all humans?

STUDY MATERIALS

Read Chapters 9 and 10 in Public Health Nursing: Practicing Population-Based Care. URL:https://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/jones-and-bartlett/2018/public-health-nursing_practicing-population-based-care_3e.php

Read “Fostering Nurses’ Moral Agency and Moral Identity: The Importance of Moral Community,” by Liaschenko and Peter, from Hastings Center Report (2016). URL:https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=118225080&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Read “Safeguarding the Public’s Health: Ethical Nursing,” by Rushton and Broome, from Hastings Center Report (2015). URL:https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=103880265&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Read “Laws & Regulations,” from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2010). URL: https://www.hhs.gov/regulations/index.html

Read ” Explore Legislation, Regulations & Policies,” from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015).URL: https://www.cdc.gov/stltpublichealth/policy/legislation-regulation-policies.html

Read “Specific Laws and Regulations Governing the Control of Communicable Diseases,” from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017).URL: https://www.cdc.gov/quarantine/specificlawsregulations.html

Explore the Public Health Law Center at Mitchell Hamline School of Law website.URL: http://www.publichealthlawcenter.org

MODULE 7

DQ1

Describe the efforts of the American Public Health Association in quality improvement in health care delivery and public health. In what ways does this affect evaluation and population health management?

DQ2

Visit the “Quick Facts United States,” resource to gather demographic data for your county of residence. Include age, ethnicity, poverty levels, housing, and education. Then visit the “County Health Rankings and Roadmaps,” website to collect epidemiological data from your county health department. Describe your findings and how population health data helps identify priority areas of concern.

STUDY MATERIALS

Read Chapters 3,4,6,7 and 11-15 in Public Health Nursing: Practicing Population-Based Care. URL: https://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/jones-and-bartlett/2018/public-health-nursing_practicing-population-based-care_3e.php

Read “Utilizing Big Data to Provide Better Health at Lower Cost,” by Jones, Pulk, Gionfriddo, Evans, and Parry, from American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy (2018). URL:https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=128651868&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Read “The Winners of Data and Analytics: Finding Success in the Ever-Changing Information Landscape,” from HealthLeaders Magazine (2017). URL:https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=125886691&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Read “Using Data to Cut Unneeded Care,” by Whitman, from Modern Healthcare (2017). URL:https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=121526041&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Review “QuickFacts United States,” from United States Census Bureau (2017). URL: https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045217

Explore the County Health Rankings and Roadmaps website. URL: http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/

MODULE 8

DQ1

Discuss your topic you chose for your presentation in this topic. Discuss why you chose the topic and the impact it has on public health nursing. Provide feedback to your classmates to assist in the development of the presentation in this topic.

DQ2

Review the four phases of emergency management during a disaster and explain the concept of resilience of the public health nurse in this process.

STUDY MATERIALS

Read Chapters 16, 17, and 18 in Public Health Nursing: Practicing Population-Based Care. URL: https://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/jones-and-bartlett/2018/public-health-nursing_practicing-population-based-care_3e.php

Read “Increased Consumer Communication and Knowledge Leads to Higher Quality in Health Care,” by Adams, Rush, Leddy, Cook, Leach, Bollinger, and Hoyle, from Radiologic Technology (2016). URL:https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=118099200&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Read “Bending the Cost Curve and Improving Quality of Care in America’s Poorest City,” by Miller, Cunningham, and Ali, from Population Health Management (2013). URL:https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=104229978&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Read “Using Prevention and Measurement to Drive Quality Improvement,” by Smiley, from Journal of Dental Hygiene (2015). URL:https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=102624760&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Read “Building a Culture of Health,” from Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (n.d.). URL: https://www.rwjf.org/en/how-we-work/building-a-culture-of-health.html

Read “Global Public Health,” from Johnson and Johnson (2018). URL: https://www.jnj.com/global-public-health

Explore the GCU Technical Support Help Center for instructions on downloading the Field Experience Site Information Form. URL: https://support.gcu.edu/hc/en-us/articles/360000596207

The benchmark assesses the following competency:

Benchmark: 5.1. Understand the human experience across the health-illness continuum.

Research the health-illness continuum and its relevance to patient care. In a 750-1,000 word paper, discuss the relevance of the continuum to patient care and present a perspective of your current state of health in relation to the wellness spectrum. Include the following:

1. Examine the health-illness continuum and discuss why this perspective is important to consider in relation to health and the human experience when caring for patients.
2. Reflect on your overall state of health. Discuss what behaviors support or detract from your health and well-being. Explain where you currently fall on the health-illness continuum.
3. Discuss the options and resources available to you to help you move toward wellness on the health-illness spectrum. Describe how these would assist in moving you toward wellness (managing a chronic disease, recovering from an illness, self-actualization, etc.).

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. 

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the LopesWrite Technical Support articles for assistance.

Comment1

Nursing practice has changed in how nurses handle and care for central lines as well as how central lines are inserted specifically peripherally inserted central catheters.  The reduction of CLABSI’s (central line associated blood stream infection) and the use of an insertion bundle have greatly improved patient outcomes in the last many years.   These practice changes have reduced patient mortality and decreased the length of patient stay in the ICU.  Through these studies and by implementation of new processes brings awareness to nursing staff on what needs to be done to better care and protect our patients.  The findings have changed my overall view of central lines. When I cared for central lines I was more careful at assessing, accessing, documenting and advocating for earlier removal of these devices when no longer needed in my patient.  At the hospital where I work, dressing changes of central lines are a two person process and the use of CUROS caps to cover needless connectors or injectable ports on tubing is required to prevent infection.  The insertion bundle is utilized by our PICC team who do their part in following strict guidelines when placing the central line catheter.    

Comment2

Hospital Acquired Pressure Ulcers (HAPU) is a topic of great concern in health care delivery due health impact and complications on affected patients, as well as the cost and reimbursement issues.  The costs of pressure ulcers are extremely high.  Patients die from sepsis related to pressure ulcers that become chronic.  According to National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel 2017, more than 2.5 million patients develop pressure injury (PI) a year, national incidence rate of 2.5% in hospitals, and 60, 000 death a year (William Padula, John Hopkins University). PI injury cost US Health system $9-11 billion a year.  In an effort to prevent HAPU, death caused by sepsis related to pressure ulcers, Stage II and III pressure Ulcers are among the eight preventable conditions identified by Medicare and Medicaid which extra payment are eliminated. Medicare and Medicaid stop reimbursing hospitals for certain hospital-acquired conditions considered preventable in the hospital setting, private insurance also follow this step.  Pressure ulcers are a potential complication of prolonged bed rest and are included in the category of hospital-acquired conditions. Incontinent patients are especially prone to pressure ulcers if moisture is not managed adequately. The key to prevent pressure entails is to first identify patients at risk; and second implementing strategies for all patients who are identified at risk. Health care delivery has the duty to focus patient care to prevent PI by inspecting skin daily, managing moisture on skin, conducting a pressure ulcer admission assessment for all patients, minimizing pressure, optimizing nutrition and hydration, reassessing risk for all patients daily. Following these steps help improving patient care and prevent incidence of PI in my facility. Adherence to skin care protocol program is effective way to prevent pressure ulcers.

The other evidence-based practice that has improved patients’ outcome is deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis, especially in the surgical patients undergoing general anesthesia and patient undergoing orthopedic surgery for fracture hips. Fatal pulmonary embolism (PE) rates range from 0.1% to 0.8% for all patients and may be as high as 7% for patients undergoing surgery for fractured hips (Medscape medical News, 2013). The frequent causes of DVT are due to augmentation of venous stasis due to immobilization or central venous obstruction. Nurses and surgeon needs to implement early ambulation for patient who are able to get out of bed early is the most important to prevent deep vein Thrombosis. For patient who cannot be up and ambulation, early treatment of anticoagulant therapy is crucial.  

 Assignment:

Part 1: Comprehensive Client Family Assessment:

Create a comprehensive client assessment for your selected client family that addresses (without violating HIPAA regulations) the following:

• Demographic information
• Presenting problem
• History or present illness
• Past psychiatric history
• Medical history
• Substance use history
• Developmental history
• Family psychiatric history
• Psychosocial history
• History of abuse and/or trauma
• Review of systems
• Physical assessment
• Mental status exam
• Differential diagnosis
• Case formulation
• Treatment plan

Part 2: Family Genogram:

Develop a genogram for the client family you selected. The genogram should extend back at least three generations (parents, grandparents, and great grandparents).