Psychosocial Factors in Health

Although the United States spends more money per capita on health care delivery, statistics indicate it is not a particularly healthy country. Over 50% of all preventable deaths in the United States are a result of unhealthy lifestyle behaviors (AACN, 2006). As epidemiologists explore essential questions such as how stressful life events and behavioral choices may influence an individual’s health, society wrestles with the distinction of what is actually within the control of an individual, and therefore relates to a personal responsibility for promoting well being, versus how larger-scale efforts can modulate psychosocial risk factors that result in population health problems.

In this Discussion, you will consider the connection between psychosocial risk factors and health outcomes. As you review the research literature, consider how you have come across this issue in your professional practice. As a nurse leader, what opportunities do you have to apply the information presented this week to promote improvements in population health status?

To prepare:

• Review      the Learning Resources, focusing on the influence of psychosocial factors      on health and disease.
• Locate      at least two examples from the research literature of how these factors      influence health. If necessary, conduct additional research using the      Walden Library and credible websites.
• Examine      strategies currently being employed to address these factors, including      health promotion and disease prevention efforts.
• Ask      yourself: How are these strategies designed to improve population health      status?

By tomorrow 04/04/2018 3pm, write a minimum of 550 words in APA format with at least 3 scholarly references from the list of required readings below. Include the level one headings as numbered below”

Post a cohesive scholarly response that addresses the following:

1) Provide a brief summary of each example, including the influence of psychosocial factors on health and disease as discussed in the research literature. Cite your sources.

2) What strategies are currently being used to address these factors? Support your response with examples from the literature.

3) Knowing that there are psychosocial factors that influence acute and chronic diseases, what is the role of the nurse in probing for that information or in larger initiatives?

Required Readings

Phillips, C. V., & Goodman, K. J. (2004). The missed lessons of Sir Austin Bradford Hill. Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations, 1(3). Retrieved from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1742-5573/1/3 

In 1965, Austin Bradford Hill worked on a paper that has become a standard in public health and epidemiologic study about how to make decisions based on epidemiologic evidence. Hill put forth strategies for inferring causation and stressed the need for considering costs and benefits when planning health-promoting interventions. Review this article, which examines how Hill’s strategies are often misused or misinterpreted.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). CDC health disparities and inequalities report—United States, 2011. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Supplement, (60), 1–114. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/other/su6001.pdf. [Read pages 11–32]

This report consolidates national data on disparities in mortality, morbidity, behavioral risk factors, health care access, preventive health services, and social determinants of critical health problems in the United States by using selected indicators. The required section of reading introduces the social determinants of health and environmental hazards.

World Health Organization. (2011). Social determinants of health. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/social_determinants/en/

According to the World Health Organization, “The social determinants of health are mostly responsible for health inequities—the unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries.” This article presents an introduction to social determinants of health.

World Health Organization. (2011). Social determinants of health: Key concepts. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/social_determinants/thecommission/finalreport/key_concepts/en/index.html

This article outlines key concepts related to the social determinants of health.

Healthy People 2020. (2011). Social determinants of health. Retrieved from http://healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/overview.aspx?topicid=39

This website presents an overview of the social determinants of health and addresses how the information relates to Healthy People 2020.

UCL Institute of Health Equity. (2012). ‘Fair society healthy lives’ (The Marmot Review). Retrieved from http://www.instituteofhealthequity.org/projects/fair-society-healthy-lives-the-marmot-review

Optional Resources

Genaidy, A. M., Lemasters, G. K., Lockey, J., Succop, P., Deddens, J., Sobeih, & Dunning, K. (2007). An epidemiological appraisal instrumental – a tool for evaluation of epidemiological studies. Ergonomics, 50(6), 920–960.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Social determinants of health. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/socialdeterminants/

 

  a 23-year-old Chinese American female freshman college student struggling with weight loss.  

Assignment (3–4 pages, not including title and reference pages): 

Assignment Option 2: Child Health Case:
Include the following:

• An explanation of the health issues and risks that are relevant to the child you were assigned.
• Describe additional information you would need in order to further assess his or her weight-related health.
• Identify and describe any risks and consider what further information you would need to gain a full understanding of the child’s health. Think about how you could gather this information in a sensitive fashion.
• Taking into account the parents’ and caregivers’ potential sensitivities, list at least three specific questions you would ask about the child to gather more information.
• Provide at least two strategies you could employ to encourage the parents or caregivers to be proactive about their child’s health and weight.

   

1. Compare the difference between a point mutation and a frameshift mutation:

1. Describe the different      between vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer:
2. What is conjugation? How can it contribute to antibiotic      resistance in microorganisms?
3. What is a Healthcare-associated      infection (HAI) or nosocomial infection? How is this different from an iatrogenic      disease? How are these diseases      contracted? Give examples of each type:    

Please answer to this discussion post. At least two paragraphs with a minimum of two references, APA style and plagiarism. 

-In 1997, two drugs, bromfenac and troglitazone, prompted the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to begin a cycle of yearly conferences to review issues of drug – induced liver injury (DILI). This was after the two drugs had shown serious fatal liver toxicity. Drug application reviewers were the first invitees to the conference in 1999. Academic consultants and pharmaceutical industry were later involved in 2001. As a result, FDA released a guidance entitled: “Guidance for Industry Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Premarketing Clinical Evaluation” (Senior 2014). This presentation was a rational approach was meant to assist in assessment of liver safety in clinical trials.

FDA identified DILI as a key area of focus in a joint effort to broaden the industry’s knowledge in liver toxicity. Since the guideline in 2009, DILI has been the main cause of most drug marketing withdrawals. FDA proposes standard non-clinical toxicity as the cornerstone for preventing hepatotoxicity in humans despite their predictive power being unsatisfactory (Senior 2014). As such, new tests with improved sensitivity and specificity are needed are required to predict hepatotoxicity in clinics.

The guidance describes observations needed to evaluate indicators of hepatotoxic potential. According to Senior (2014), these observations include detection, reaffirmation and examining of liver test abnormalities. The industry then does close evaluation excluding other possible caused of liver toxicity. Lastly, the FDA guidance requires the industry to those affected. This largely involves supportive care till return to baseline status or normality. FDA also makes specific recommendations in the presentation on why some people are more susceptible to DILI. It proposes the use and evaluation of Hy’s Law cases that are discovered through clinical examination. 

Reference

Senior, J. R. (2014). Evolution of the Food and Drug Administration approach to liver safety  assessment for new drugs: current status and challenges. Drug safety, 37(1), 9-17.