Altered Physiology

the case study analysis scenario

A 42-year-old man comes to clinic with chief complaint of pain, redness, and swelling of his right calf. He states that he had been working in his yard using a string trimmer when the trimmer slipped and cut his leg. He cleaned the wound with water from the garden hose and covered the wound with a large Band-Aid. Several days later, he developed fever to 100.6˚ F and chills and noticed that his leg was swollen and red. He comes to the emergency department for definitive care.

The Assignment (2-pages case study analysis)

Develop a 2-page case study analysis in which you:

· Explain why you think the patient presented the symptoms described.

· Identify the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.

· Explain the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

3 citations APA Format 7th Edition. 

Include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. 

In developing your discussion posts, I will encourage you to think about cellular pathophysiology. I always want to know what is happening in the cells that produce the clinical manifestations of the disease.

Your post will be stronger if you do not cite patient educational sites such as WebMD, Mayo clinic Healthline etc. To this end, Wikipedia is never acceptable as an academic source. You will see point deductions if you cite these sources in your posts and paper. 

Required Reading

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.

·  Chapter 1: Cellular Biology; Summary Review

·  Chapter 2: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents(pp. 46-61; begin again with Manifestations of Cellular Injury pp. 83-97); Summary Review

· Chapter 3: The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids, and Bases,

· Chapter 4: Genes and Genetic Diseases (stop at Elements of formal genetics); Summary Review

· Chapter 5: Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases (stop at Genetics of common diseases); Summary Review

· Chapter 7: Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing

· Chapter 8: Adaptive Immunity (stop at Generation of clonal diversity); Summary Review

· Chapter 9: Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation (stop at Deficiencies in immunity); Summary Review

· Chapter 10: Infection (stop at Infectious parasites and protozoans); (start at HIV); Summary Review

· Chapter 11: Stress and Disease (stop at Stress, illness & coping); Summary Review

· Chapter 12: Cancer Biology (stop at Resistance to destruction); Summary Review

· Chapter 13: Cancer Epidemiology (stop at Environmental-Lifestyle factors); Summary Review 

Justiz-Vaillant, A. A., & Zito, P. M. (2019). Immediate hypersensitivity reactions. In StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK51

 DestinyGWk1MainPostCOLLAPSE

“Essential nutrients- micronutrients (vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants) and macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, fats)- are required for cells to function normally” (McCance & Huether, 2019). Proteins are very important nutrients and have many different functions in the body. Protein malnutrition is a deficiency of proteins in the body, and when there is a deficiency, the cells are affected by it. 

 In this scenario, we have an elderly man who is diagnosed with protein malabsorption. He presents with generalized edema of the extremities and abdomen and has a history of malabsorption syndrome and difficulty eating because he doesn’t have dentures. This patient has probably developed the protein malnutrition from both the malabsorption syndrome and the difficulty eating. He’s probably not taking in enough protein to begin with since he is having difficulty eating, and if he is taking in enough his body isn’t absorbing it properly. “People with chewing problems, especially edentulous subjects without dentures, have weight loss and an increased mortality which is probably mainly due to reduced nutrient intake. However, the masticatory process also appears to be crucial for optimal absorption of nutrients from some essential, harder food components such as meat and vegetables” (Keller & Layer, 2014). Chewing is necessary for the absorptions of some necessary nutrients from the foods we eat. 

  The patient presents with generalized edema of the abdomen and extremities. “Edema results from a loss of fluid balance between hydrostatic and oncotic pressures across capillary blood vessel walls. Albumin concentration contributes to the oncotic pressure, allowing the body to keep fluids within the vasculature. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases in response to the hypovolemia, resulting in edema.” (Benjamin & Lappin, 2018). The body responds to a decrease in protein by holding on to water, thereby causing edema.

 The physiologic response to the stimulus (protein malnutrition) was the edema. Swelling of the extremities and the abdomen was the body’s response to decreased levels of protein, albumin in particular which allowed for the body to hold on to water.

I believe that gender and genetics would have no effect on the body’s response to this disorder. It was noted that females are more prone to protein energy malnutrition. “Reports have also documented the influence of gender on PEM manifestations. In rural India, females were reportedly more prone to PEM than males. A report from Kenya, likewise documented the higher emergence of PEM in women” (Guleria, P., Kumar, V., & Guleria, S., 2017).

It was also noted that immune cells are affected by protein malnutrition. 

                                                                        References

Benjamin, O. & Lappin, S. L. (2018). Kwashiorkor. Treasure Island, Florida: StatPearls Publishing.

Guleria, P., Kumar, V., Guleria, S. (2017). Genetic Engineering: A Possible Strategy for Proterin-Energy Malnutrition Regulation. Molecular Biotechnolgy 59(11-12), 499-517. doi: 10.1007/s12033-017-0033-8 

Keller, J. & Layer, P. (2014). The Pathophysiology of Malabsorption. Viszeralmedizin: Gastrointestinal Medicine and Surgery, 30(3), 150-154. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1159%2F000364794

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.