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Best, Best – 2025 Hello all this is the information I found from the article to answer these questions dependent
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Best, Best – 2025
Hello all, this is the information I found from the article to answer these questions.
The dependent variables in this study were PTSD severity and symptoms of avoidance, intrusion, and hyperarousal. The dependent variable was measured using logistic regression and χ2 tests aimed to analyze the relationship between the dependent and independent variable.
PTSD severity and symptoms were collected using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). The IES-R consisted of 22 items the participants had to assess and score using a 5-point scale. Their scores were then added together, any score higher than 24 was a concern for the researchers.
Participants of the intervention group were all given a diary that consisted of a folder with loose paper attached with metal fasteners. The participants were all given the same guidelines to follow in their diary. Participants, visitors, and the interdisciplinary team members were encouraged to include their observations too.
I NEED TO RESPONSE TO THIS POST.
Evidence Based Practice – 2025 Compare the EBP competencies for Practicing Registered Nurses and Advanced Practice Nurses
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Evidence Based Practice – 2025
Compare the EBP competencies for Practicing Registered Nurses and Advanced Practice Nurses:
1. Identify the competencies that you are currently meeting. Provide examples as to how you are meeting them.
2. Discuss how you will plan to meet the EBP competencies for Advanced Practice Nurses as you are pursuing the nurse practitioner role (Advanced Practice) or seeking advanced nursing practice via the leadership track.
NUR501- REPLY TO OPAL – 2025 Theory Development and Evaluation The Science and Art of Theory Development and Evaluation Scholars
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NUR501- REPLY TO OPAL – 2025
Theory Development and Evaluation
The Science and Art of Theory Development and Evaluation
Scholars in various disciplines have conducted research and developed various theories to explain different phenomena’ existence or relationship. Hypotheses are created to fulfill a need and are always formed from observations, empirical studies, and literature review to produce a theory that explains a phenomenon, relationship of phenomena, or predicts the occurrence of phenomena. It is essential to evaluate a postulation before its application to test its correctness. Some theories, such as those in health sciences, are not applicable before testing and evaluation. It is only possible to determine a theory’s effectiveness by testing after the predicted phenomenon occurs. However, evaluation is possible using scientific and artistic approaches.
The various criteria for evaluating theories are scope, logical consistency, parsimony, utility, testability, heurism, and test of time. Scope, utility, and logical consistency are arts of theory development and evaluation. A theory must be within the scope, which means somebody cannot develop a postulation beyond their purview. For instance, an expert in the medical field cannot create a political leadership theory because it is not within their purview. Logical consistency means that a hypothesis should be correct at all times. A postulation must not contain contradicting statements at different times. The utility is the art of testing the theory’s usefulness and is evaluated based on its contribution to the field on which it is based (Fawcett, 2005). A postulation must bring a new aspect into the discipline. A hypothesis that repeats existing theories does not pass the test of utility.
Parsimony, testability, heurism, and test of time are scientific approaches to theory development and evaluation. Parsimony means that a theory should have a few concepts to be effective. A hypothesis with many arguments and ideas does not pass the parsimony test (Redmond, 2015). The science behind this is that the higher the number of concepts and arguments, the more difficult it is to produce a practical theory. Heurism refers to the ability of a hypothesis to create new thinking and stimulate new thoughts. A reasonable postulation must contribute to the discipline by bringing a unique aspect or thought to the field. Other researchers and theorists should be able to apply the theory or use the hypothesis as a basis for coming up with other postulations (Avant, 2009).
A good theory must pass testability and test of time. Testability means that its basis should be reliable evidence, and it should be possible for people to verify the evidence behind the theory. A theory can is not a statement without any backing of empirical research, literature review, or any other form of verifiable proof (Avant, 2009). The test of time means that a theory must be predictive and powerful. Predictability relates to the ability of the postulation to give a good reason to be adopted. This concept requires a good and convincing explanation of the thinking behind the hypothesis. A hypothesis should be influential because it should have a considerable impact on people’s lives or the relevant discipline. A postulation must provide a milestone in the field (Fawcett, 2005). If a theory does not have a significant influence, it does not pass the power test. Lastly, a postulation must withstand the test of time. Similar studies on similar objects or subjects at any time should be able to give similar conclusions and the same theory.
Theory is a framework or model for understanding and observation, which determines what we perceive and how we perceive it. Hypothesis lets a researcher form links between concrete and abstract statements. Postulation asserts a link between different phenomena and explains the relationship between various variables. Hypothesis organizes different ideas and guides research. Facts may not be useful if they lack meaning unless combined into a theoretical framework. The strength of theory increases as supporting evidence becomes available. Postulations can form a basis for prediction and can help produce new research. When evaluating a theory, it is crucial to consider various aspects such as coherency and logic of the hypothesis, testability of theory-based claims and predictions, the fitness of postulation to available data, and its potential impact on the world
References
Avant, K. (2009). Reading and evaluating theory in a research publication. Perioperative Nursing Clinics, 4(3), 231-236. https://doi: 10.1016/j.cpen.2009.05.002
Fawcett, J. (2005). Criteria for evaluation of theory. Nursing Science Quarterly, 18(2),131-5. https://DOI:10.1177/0894318405274823
Redmond, M. (2015). Theory development and evaluation. IOWA State University Digital Repository. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=engl_reports
NUR501- REPLY TO SARAH – 2025 Theory Development and Evaluation In the field of nursing it s important to examine the science and art of
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NUR501- REPLY TO SARAH – 2025
Theory Development and Evaluation
In the field of nursing, it’s important to examine the science and art of theory development and evaluation. One of the most critical components to nursing is the idea of theory development as it helps to advance knowledge of the discipline. Historically, most nursing theorists did not set out to create a nursing theory. Most published authors began building a theory as a way to improve care delivered to patients, either through improving direct clinical practice or by educating future nurses (Alejandro, 2017). These theorists were considered risk takers with lifetime commitments to the nursing profession as a whole (Alejandro, 2017). By seeking to improve and change the way nurses’ practice, researchers have been able to study ways in which to create standard works from evidence-based practice as a working theory (Butts & Rich, 2015). The different components of a theory such as the concepts, statements, and theoretical assertions further explain the said theory and its importance.
Furthermore, nursing theories set forth into motion the better understanding of nursing phenomena and guide scholarly development of the science of nursing practice through research (Butts & Rich, 2015). A nursing theory aims to address a phenomenon of a particular interest that is being proposed with several considerations follow, such as its completeness and logic, internal consistency, and correspondence with empirical findings. The basics of the theory also need to be determined whether it has been defined operationally for testing (Butts & Rich, 2015). By analyzing in this way, the researcher is able to further develop the theory in a logical manner (Butts & Rich, 2015). The theory is developed by accumulating scientific evidence with rigorous research to either refute or support the proposed statements. Nursing theory development is not hard to understand, they are created in a pursued systematic scholarly effort. Strict development of nursing theories, then, is a high priority for the future of the discipline and the practice of nursing profession (Alejandro, 2017).
Overall, the systematic development of theories allows for best implementation and peer evaluation. The one aspect that all theories have in common, of each approaching theory development in a precise, systematic manner, allows for one to make the stages of development explicit. Nurses must systematically assess their proposed theory of nursing and then publish it for the nursing community to review and debate engages in a process that is critical to advancement of theory development (Alejandro, 2017). Then, as the scholarly work is published as literature and peer-reviewed, other nurse theoreticians and researchers review and critique the adequacy of the logical processes used in the development of the theory (Alejandro, 2017). These unbiased reviewers are able to evaluate with fresh eyes the relation of the theory to practice and other available research findings (Gray, Grove, & Sutherland, 2018). Overall, theories are explicit and open to question and examination as part of their development and implementation (Nilsen,2015). However, if deductions from a theory are incorrect, the theory can be adapted, extended or abandoned. Theories are more consistent with existing facts, which usually means a hypothesis based on an established theory is a more educated guess (Gray, Grove, & Sutherland, 2018). Furthermore, theories give individual facts a meaningful context and contribute towards building an integrated body of knowledge (Alejandro, 2017).
References
Alejandro, J. (2017, February). Lessons learned through nursing theory : Nursing2020. Retrieved December 3, 2020, from https://journals.lww.com/nursing/Fulltext/2017/02000/Lessons_learned_through_nursing_theory.12.aspx
Butts, J. & Rich, K. (2015). Philosophies and Theories for Advanced Nursing Practice (3rd edition) Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning ISBN:978-1-284-11224-5
Gray, J., Grove, S. & Sutherland, S. (2018). Burns and Grove’s The Practice of Nursing Research: Appraisal, Synthesis, and Generation of Evidence (8th ed.).St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier. ISBN: 978-0323377584
Nilsen, P. (2015). Making sense of implementation theories, models and frameworks. Implementation science : IS, 10, 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-015-0242-0 (Links to an external site.)