Read the article by Patricia Benner Novice to Expert Theory Explained

HW: in Discussion 1, write about  ONE of the nursing theories discussed in class, in the videos, or in the Text book. Be sure to state the level of theory (grand, middle, etc) then a paragraph that explains the basics of the theory, then a paragraph in which you give your thoughts and impressions about the theory. You can compare it to other theories, or cite your experience in health care (either as worker or patient). 

You must cite all references used in the discussion. 

  Novice to Expert Theory Explained 

By using the following power point and research papers, complete the following guidelines of a case study:

Objective: The students will complete a Case study tasks that contribute the opportunity to produce and apply the thoughtslearned in this and previous coursework to examine a real-world scenario. This scenario will illustrate through example the practical importance and implications of various roles and functions of a long-term care settings. As a result of this assignment, students will be better able to comprehend, scrutinize and assess respectable superiority and performance by all institutional employees.

ASSIGNMENT GUIDELINES (10%):

Students will critically measure the readings from Chapter 5 in your textbook. This assignment is planned to help you examination, evaluation, and apply the readings and strategies toyour of a long-term care settings
You need to read the PowerPoint Presentation assigned for week 3 and develop a 3-4 page paper reproducing your understanding and capability to apply the readings to your long-term care settings. Each paper must be typewritten with 12-point font and double-spaced with standard margins. Follow APA Style 7thedition format when referring to the selected articles and include a reference page.

EACH PAPER SHOULD INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:

1. Introduction (25%) Provide a brief synopsis of the meaning (not a description) of each Chapter and articles you read, in your own words that will apply to the case study presented. 

2. Your Critique (50%)

Case study: Patient-Centered Care: Case Studies on End of Life in elderly

Background

Ms. L is an 87-year-old African American woman who was diagnosed with vulvar cancer at the beginning of 2017. She is also HIV-positive. By the time Ms. L engaged in care, the cancer had proliferated quite quickly in the setting of a compromised immune system. Upon discovery of the Stage 4 cancer, doctors recommended a dose of radiation and chemotherapy. However, during the course of this episode Ms. L was struggling with substance use. During her hospitalization, she tested positive for a number of substances, including heroin and cocaine. As a result, care providers had many discussions about pain management and which pain medications could be given to her. She was not on methadone treatment maintenance at first, so she was self-medicating to address her pain. While Ms. L wanted to seek help for her addiction to substances, some of the traditional models were not appropriate given the magnitude of her physical issues. There were expectations that she would get into outpatient treatment but she did not follow through, primarily because it was difficult for her to tolerate being in groups for long periods. (Given the location of her cancer, she could not sit upright for long periods or on the bus for transportation.) Ultimately, Lawanda Williams, Director of Housing Services at Health Care for the Homeless in Baltimore, Maryland, and her team were able to provide Ms. L with transportation and cab vouchers so she could access the full course of radiation that doctors had recommended. Her pain was never well controlled, because her physician refused to prescribe her any pain medications, due to the magnitude of her substance use. The radiation center gave her Percocet while she was there but would not give her anything that could not be directly supervised. After treatment, they sent her home with prescriptions for Tylenol and instructions to return and follow up with pain management teams, which she was unable to do because of her difficulties with transportation and sitting. Ms. L completed radiation and is in a period of holding to assess effectiveness of the initial course of radiation, but she still does not have a prescription for her significant pain and, as a result, continues to use substances to manage her pain. Ms. Williams observes, “I have been able to see how managing withdrawal and managing substance abuse in the context of a palliative care treatment plan does not always exist for patients experiencing homelessness. She does not fit very neatly into any mainstream treatment model.”

CASE STUDY CHALLENGE:

1. Harm reduction: How can care providers best advocate for a harm reduction approach while seeking to deliver palliative care services, including hospice care?

2. What ethical arguments can you make base on the case study?​

3. Why do you think that long-term care and palliative care insurance lacks of popularity among older Americans.

3. Conclusion (15%)

Briefly summarize your thoughts & conclusion to your critique of the case study and provide a possible outcome for Aging in America base on Health ethics Context?

Evaluation will be based on how clearly you respond to the above, in particular:

a) The clarity with which you critique the case study;

b) The depth, scope, and organization of your paper; and,

c) Your conclusions, including a description of the impact of these Case study on any Health Care Setting.