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2023 Topic IBS diagnosis and treatment Thesis statement needed You will need to determine the focus
by adminNursing 2023 IBS
Topic IBS diagnosis and treatment Thesis statement needed You will need to determine the focus 2023 Assignment
Topic: IBS: diagnosis and treatment
Thesis statement needed???
You will need to determine the focus of inquiry and determine which approach to analysis you should take based on the topic you choose.
For this review, be sure to:
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2023 Respond to the post bellow by comparing your assessment tool to theirs NOTE my assessment tool The patient Health
by adminNursing 2023 Post- Tania
Respond to the post bellow by comparing your assessment tool to theirs NOTE my assessment tool The patient Health 2023 Assignment
Respond to the post bellow by comparing your assessment tool to theirs.
NOTE: my assessment tool: The patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)
Main Post
For the purpose of this discussion, the assessment tool that shall be analyzed is the Geriatric Depression Scale. It is important to note that depression in elderly patients is a common problem and this leads to significant emotional suffering and loss of quality of life. Depression in elderly patients also lead to increase in the risk of physical inactivity as well as disability. As elderly persons grow older an get to the age of 80 and above, depression becomes prevalent especially if they live in nursing homes or if they suffer from dementia (Conradsson, Rosendahl, Littbrand, Gustafson, Olofsson & Lovheim, 2013). Unfortunately, regardless of the fast that depression is more common than dementia in old age, it remains underdiagnosed and undertreated (Allan, Valkanova & Ebmeier, 2014). It is because of this that there is need to have a proper tool for diagnosing depression in geriatric patients. The tool should be effective in regard to the assessment process and help in the evaluation of treatment in order to monitor progress. One such tool is the Geriatric Depression Scale.
The Geriatric Depression Scale is a tool that is used to assess elderly patients with a view of establishing whether they are depressed. The tool was developed by Yesavage et al. in 1983. At the time it was established, it had 30 items. However, 30 items were found to be too many to be effective. The items made the tool time consuming for both elderly patients as well as clinicians. This necessitated the formulation of the GDS-15 which is said to be effective in diagnosing depression in elderly patients (Durmaz, Soysal, Ellidokuz & Isik, 2018). The effectiveness of this tool has been researched widely and scholars have established that it is not only effective in diagnosing depression in elderly patients, but it also has a significant correlation with DSM-5 criteria in patients that have depression (Durmaz, Soysal, Ellidokuz & Isik, 2018).
Psychometric properties mean that a tool is valid and reliable. It means that it has to be accurate in assessing what it is meant to assess, and it should also be consistent in providing results (Asunta, Viholainen, Ahonen & Rintala, 2019). The psychometric properties of the GDS-15 has been assessed in different studies. In fact, in one study, these properties were assessed in regard to different elderly populations including those that are cognitively intact, those that are functionally impaired and primary care elderly patients that are community dwelling. The study established that the tool’s internal consistency reliability was moderate but acceptable. There was construct validity in the tool’s ability to measure depressed mood, suicidal ideation and life satisfaction. The ability of the tool to show the difference between patients that were depressed and those that were not depressed showed acceptable specificity and sensitivity. However, when it came to suicide attempt status, the scale showed significant weakness. In conclusion, the scholars pointed out that in all the geriatric populations that were included in the study, the scale showed impressive psychometric properties (Friedman, Heisel & Delavan, 2005).
This scale basically has 15 questions. They are easy to understand and answer for elderly patients. They all have yes or no answers. 10 questions have to be answered as Yes to attract a point and 5 questions have to be answered as No to attract a point. A score below 4 is normal. A scale between 5-8 is mild depression. A score of 9-11 show moderate depression and a scale between 12-15 indicates severe depression. This is an assessment tool that should be applied in all geriatric patients and especially those that are not cognitively impaired. Since the scale can be adjusted depending on what the patient feels, it means that it can be used in the assessment of the effectiveness of a psychopharmacological therapy in patients.
References
Allan, C. E., Valkanova, V., & Ebmeier, K. P. (2014). Depression in older people is underdiagnosed. The Practitioner, 258(1771), 19-22
Asunta, P., Viholainen, H., Ahonen, T., & Rintala, P. (2019). Psychometric properties of observational tools for identifying motor difficulties–a systematic review. BMC pediatrics, 19(1), 322
Conradsson, M., Rosendahl, E., Littbrand, H., Gustafson, Y., Olofsson, B., & Lövheim, H. (2013). Usefulness of the Geriatric Depression Scale 15-item version among very old people with and without cognitive impairment. Aging & mental health, 17(5), 638-645
Durmaz, B., Soysal, P., Ellidokuz, H., & Isik, A. T. (2018). Validity and reliability of geriatric depression scale-15 (short form) in Turkish older adults. Northern clinics of Istanbul, 5(3), 216
Friedman, B., Heisel, M. J., & Delavan, R. L. (2005). Psychometric properties of the 15‐item geriatric depression scale in functionally impaired, cognitively intact, community‐dwelling elderly primary care patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(9), 1570-1576
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2023 Respond to the post bellow by comparing your assessment tool to theirs NOTE my
by adminNursing 2023 Post- Linda
Respond to the post bellow by comparing your assessment tool to theirs NOTE my 2023 Assignment
Respond to the post bellow by comparing your assessment tool to theirs.
NOTE: my assessment tool: The patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9
Main Post
According to the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (1995), children and adolescents are evaluated due to psychiatric disorders that impair emotional, cognitive, physical, and/or behavioral functioning. The child or adolescent is evaluated in the context of the family, school, community, and culture. The purpose and aims of the clinical diagnostic assessment are to determine whether psychopathology is present and, if so, to establish a differential diagnosis and tentative diagnostic formulation, to develop a treatment recommendation and plan, or to communicate the above findings in an appropriate fashion to the parents and child. In addition, the aims of the assessment process are to identify the stated reasons and factors leading to the referral, to assess the nature and severity of the child’s behavioral difficulties, functional impairments, subjective distress, and to identify individual, family, or environmental factors that may potentially account for, influence, or ameliorate these difficulties. When assessing children, parents’ interviews and school functioning reports are necessary.
The assessment tool I will discuss in this post is the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED). Per the University of Pittsburg (2019), SCARED is a child and parent self-report instrument used to screen for childhood anxiety disorders including general anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social phobia. In addition, it assesses symptoms related to school phobia. The SCARED consists of 41 items and 5 factors that parallel the DSM-IV classification of anxiety disorders. The child and parent versions of the SCARED have moderate parent-child agreement and good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and discriminant validity, and it is sensitive to treatment response
Target population: Children ages 8-18 years
Intended users: Clinicians and Psychiatrists
Time to Administer: 10 minutes
Completed by: Children and Parents
How to Use SCARED: SCARED is a questionnaire with scales that describes how people feel. Clients read each phrase and decide if it is “Not True or Hardly Ever True” or “Somewhat True or Sometimes True” or “Very True or Often True”. Then, for each sentence, they fill in one circle that corresponds to the response that seems to describe them for the last 3 months. After each phrase and circles, there are abbreviations of the various disorders. Therefore,
a total score of >25 may indicate the presence of an Anxiety Disorder. Scores higher than 40 are more specific.
A score of 7 for items 1, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 19, 22, 24, 27, 30, 34, 38 may indicate Panic Disorder or Significant Somatic Symptoms (PN).
A score of 9 for items 5, 7, 14, 21, 23, 28, 33, 35, 37 may indicate Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GD).
A score of 5 for items 4, 8, 13, 16, 20, 25, 29, 31 may indicate Separation Anxiety Disorder (SP).
A score of 8 for items 3, 10, 26, 32, 39, 40, 41 may indicate Social Anxiety Disorder (SC)
A score of 3 for items 2, 11, 17, 36 may indicate Significant School Avoidance (SN)
(see the attached document or link, it’s the SCARED assessment and how the score is calculated: source http://www.shared-care.ca/files/SCARED_Child_Updated_June_2015.pdf)
Psychometric Properties: There are accumulating studies that have shown the SCARED to have good psychometric properties for children and adolescents from various cultures, so SCARED can be utilized in various countries as a cross-cultural screening instrument for DSM-V anxiety disorders. The psychometric properties of the SCARED are strong because females scored significantly higher than males, and that age had a moderating effect on male and female score differences. Studies have demonstrated that girls run a higher risk of developing anxiety disorders than boys. The moderating effect of age on anxiety symptoms, particularly generalized anxiety disorder symptoms increases for older girls that may highlight the importance of early interventions for them to help reduce the risk for later developmental maladaptation (Crocetti et al., 2011)
Diagnosis for a Client Receiving Psychotherapy: Possible diagnoses for these clients under Anxiety Disorders are Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia (fear of places and situations that might cause panic, helplessness, or embarrassment), Separation Anxiety Disorder, Social Anxiety Disorder (formerly Social Phobia), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2017).
Legal and Ethical Implications of Counseling Children: The four ethical/ legal issues that arise when counseling children are counselor competence, informed consent, confidentiality, and mandatory reporting of child abuse. Counselor Competence– that is knowledge and skills of the counselor (e.g. use of play therapy), knowledge of mental disorders, understanding human development, understanding family structure, culture/ diversity, and a more talked about topic (transgender). Informed Consent– It is formal permission that allows treatment. The counselor and client fall under legal jurisdiction of contract law. Minors can only enter a contract by parental / guardian consent, involuntary at parent’s insistence, or ordered by juvenile court. Through informed consents, clients are given voluntary knowledge of treatment, must understand consequences of treatment, and if not obtained, counselors are held responsible, and sued for battery, failure to gain consent, & child enticement. Confidentiality must be maintained so it will not cause lack of trust and communication, child not seeking treatment, or early termination of psychotherapy. Mandatory Reporting: mental health professionals must report in all States. It’s the duty of health care providers to report and failure to report breaches legal and ethical standards (Garnsey, n.d.)
References
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (1995).
Practice Parameters for the Psychiatric Assessment of Children and Adolescents.
Retrieved March 2, 2020, from
https://www.aacap.org/App_Themes/AACAP/docs/practice_parameters/psychiatric_asse
American Psychiatric Association (2013).
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition.
Retrieved March 2, 2020, from
https://dsm-psychiatryonline-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.97
American Psychiatric Association (2017). What Are Anxiety Disorders?
Retrieved March 3, 2020, from
https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/anxiety-disorders/what-are-anxiety-disorder
Crocetti, E., Meeus, W. H. J., Raaijmakers, Q. A. W., William, W. H. (2011).
A meta-analysis of the cross-cultural psychometric properties of the Screen for Child
Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED). Retrieved March 3, 2020, from
https://eds-a-ebscohost-com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=de03210f-a792-44d7-bb
Garnsey, E. (n.d.). Legal and Ethical Issues When Counseling Children.
Retrieved March 3, 2020, from
https://eportfolio.pace.edu/artefact/file/download.php?file=112508&view=76785
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED)- (2012).
CHILD Version—Page 1 of 2 (to be filled out by the CHILD)
Retrieved March 3, 2019, from
http://www.shared-care.ca/files/SCARED_Child_Updated_June_2015.pdf
University of Pittsburg (2019). Instruments- Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional
Disorders (SCARED). Retrieved March 2, 2020, from
https://www.pediatricbipolar.pitt.edu/resources/instruments
SCARED_Child_Updated_June_2015.pdf
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2023 Part One Reviewing the Nursing as Caring Theory we come to understand that humans are intrinsically motivated to care for
by adminNursing 2023 Nursing Theory
Part One Reviewing the Nursing as Caring Theory we come to understand that humans are intrinsically motivated to care for 2023 Assignment
Part One
Reviewing the Nursing as Caring Theory, we come to understand that humans are intrinsically motivated to care for others. Based on this theory, how do you provide care for someone who is a criminal that needs care? (Example, a prisoner is brought to your unit for care, after being beaten for molesting a child).
Part Two
The transitions theory incorporates intervention and comprehension of what has taken place. How do you apply the transitions theory to your current nursing practice?
Remember APA 6th edition formatting, grammar, in text citations, and references. Refer to the grading rubric below.
250-300 words
Free of plagiarism
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We give our students 100% satisfaction with their assignments, which is one of the most important reasons students prefer us to other helpers. Our professional group and planners have more than ten years of rich experience. The only reason is that we have successfully helped more than 100000 students with their assignments on our inception days. Our expert group has more than 2200 professionals in different topics, and that is not all; we get more than 300 jobs every day more than 90% of the assignment get the conversion for payment.
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