Deliver to the interprofessional team a presentation (20 minutes; 12-15 slides) that analyzes an existing workplace quality improvement initiative related to a specific disease, condition, or public health issue of interest. The presentation’s purpose is to inform and get buy-in from the interprofessional team.  

Too often, discussions about quality health care, care costs, and outcome measures take place in isolation—various groups talking among themselves about results and enhancements. Nurses are critical to the delivery of high-quality, efficient health care. As a result, they must develop their skills in reviewing and evaluating performance reports. They also need to be able to communicate outcome measures related to quality initiatives effectively. Patient safety and positive institutional health care outcomes mandate collaboration among nursing staff members to ensure the integration of their perspectives in all quality care initiatives.

In this assessment, you will have the opportunity to analyze a quality improvement initiative in your workplace. You will then present your analysis to a group of nurses and other health care professionals. The purpose of your presentation is to inform and enlist support for the initiative from your audience.

Demonstration of Proficiency

By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies through the following assessment scoring guide criteria:

• Competency 2: Plan quality improvement initiatives in response to routine data surveillance. 
  • Recommend additional indicators and protocols to improve and expand outcomes of a quality initiative.
• Competency 3: Evaluate quality improvement initiatives using sensitive and sound outcome measures. 
  • Analyze a current quality improvement initiative in a health care or practice setting according to strategic organizational initiatives.
  • Evaluate the success of a current quality improvement initiative according to recognized national benchmarks.
• Competency 4: Integrate interprofessional perspectives to lead quality improvements in patient safety, cost-effectiveness, and work-life quality. 
  • Incorporate interprofessional perspectives related to initiative functionality and outcomes.
• Competency 5: Apply effective communication strategies to promote quality improvement of interprofessional care. 
  • Communicate the QI improvement initiative evaluation in a professional, effective manner that engages the interprofessional stakeholders to implement and sustain change.
  • Use correct grammar, punctuation, spelling, and APA style for scholarly citations and references.

Preparation

Quality Initiative Selection

In this assessment you will deliver an analysis of an ongoing quality improvement initiative in your workplace. The initiative you analyze must relate to a specific disease, condition, or public health issue of personal or professional interest to you. The purpose of your analysis is to assess whether specific quality indicators point to improved patient safety, quality of care, cost and efficiency goals, and other desired metrics. Your audience consists of nurses and selected health care professionals with specializations or interest in your selected condition, disease, or issue. You hope to inform and garner support for the initiative from your audience. (*please include speaker notes)

• Instructions
  The optional QI Initiative Evaluation Presentation Template [PPTX] is provided to help you prepare your slides. If you choose to work without the template, consider referring to Guidelines for Effective PowerPoint Presentations [PPTX]. (attached)
  In your presentation, you will:
• Analyze a current quality improvement initiative in a health care or practice setting according to strategic organizational initiatives. 
  • Explain the rationale behind the QI improvement initiative. What prompted the initiative? 
  • Detail problems that were not addressed and any issues that arose from the initiative.
• Evaluate the success of a current quality improvement initiative according to recognized national benchmarks. 
  • Analyze the benchmarks used to evaluate success. Which aspects of the initiative were most successful?  What outcome measures are missing or could be added?
  • Incorporate one appropriate supporting visual (such as a graph or chart) that showcases the most critical aspect of this presentation.
• Incorporate interprofessional perspectives related to initiative functionality and outcomes.
• Integrate the perspectives of interprofessional team members involved in the initiative. Who did you talk to? What are their professions?  How did their perspectives impact your analysis?
• Recommend additional indicators and protocols to improve and expand outcomes of a quality initiative. 
  • Identify specific process or protocol changes as well as technologies that would improve quality outcomes.
• Communicate the QI initiative evaluation in a professional, effective manner that engages the interprofessional stakeholders to implement and sustain change.
• Use correct grammar, punctuation, spelling, and APA style for scholarly citations and references.
• Additional Requirements
• Presentation length: A maximum of 20 minutes.
• Number of slides: 12–15 slides. Balance text and visuals. Avoid text-heavy slides. Use speaker’s notes for additional content.
• Font and font size: Appropriate size and weight for presentation, generally 24–28 points for headings; no smaller than 18 points for bullet-point text. Use a suitable professional typeface such as Times or Arial throughout the presentation.
• Number of references: Cite a minimum of 7 current scholarly and/or authoritative sources to support your analysis. Current is defined as no older than 5 years unless a seminal work.
• APA formatting: Adhere to APA style and formatting guidelines for citations and references. Consult these resources for an APA refresher:  
  • APA Style & Format.
  • APA Module.
  • American Psychological Association. (n.d.). APA style. Retrieved from https://www.apastyle.org/

Required Resources
Read/review the following resources for this activity:

• Textbook: Chapter 3, 4
• Minimum of 1 scholarly source (in addition to the textbook)

Initial Post Instructions
Select a work of art from any of the chapters in our textbook, and write a response that analyzes the art through the lens of a descriptive critic, an interpretive critic, and an evaluative critic. What different things would these critics have to say? Use the following guidelines:

• Descriptive Critic: Address at least 3 different elements of art and/or principles of design.
• Interpretive Critic: This will require research so that you can understand the subject, meaning, and intent of the work.
• Evaluative Critic: Use the standards of perfection, insight, and inexhaustibility (as described in the text).

Follow-Up Post Instructions
Respond to at least one peer. Further the dialogue by providing more information and clarification. Provide feedback on whether you agree or disagree with their criticism. Explain why. Build on their posts by providing additional insight of your own. If your peer selected the same artwork as you, make sure to address new point or develop existing points in more depth.

Writing Requirements

• Minimum of 2 posts (1 initial & 1 follow-up)
• Minimum of 2 sources cited (assigned readings/online lessons and an outside source)
• APA format for in-text citations and list of references

Learning From Experiences

• Revisit the goals and objectives from your Practicum Experience Plan. Explain the degree to which you achieved each during the practicum experience.
• Reflect on the three (3) most challenging patients you encountered during the practicum experience. What was most challenging about each?
• What did you learn from this experience?
• What resources were available?
• What evidence-based practice did you use for the patients?
• What would you do differently?
• How are you managing patient flow and volume?
• How can you apply your growing skillset to be a social change agent within your community?

Communicating and Feedback

• Reflect on how you might improve your skills and knowledge, and communicate those efforts to your Preceptor.
• Answer the questions: How am I doing? What is missing?
• Reflect on the formal and informal feedback you received from your Preceptor.

Question

Question 1 A patient with bronchial asthma is prescribed a sustained-release preparation of theophylline. To help minimize the adverse effects of the drug, which of the following should the nurse suggest?

Question 2 A female patient has been taking zafirlukast for a week and is experiencing diarrhea. The nurse should instruct her to do which of the following?

Question 3 A 72-year-old man is prescribed theophylline for symptomatic relief of bronchial asthma. Which of the following findings would alert the nurse to the need for close monitoring?

Question 4 A 57-year-old male patient who has been prescribed doxorubicin for small-cell lung cancer is advised by the nurse to avoid taking aspirin or drugs that contain aspirin because it may

Question 5 A 72-year-old female patient is prescribed ipratropium aerosol for pulmonary emphysema. The nurse will instruct her to “test spray” the new metered-dose inhaler (MDI) three times before using it to prevent which of the following?

Question 6 A male patient is to begin treatment for pneumonia with an albuterol (Ventolin) inhaler. The nurse will advise the patient that he will most likely experience which of the following common adverse effects of the drug?

Question 7 The lower respiratory system utilizes a number of different mechanisms that confer protection and maintain homeostasis. Which of the following physiological processes protects the lower respiratory system?

Question 8 A 70-year-old woman has a complex medical and a current drug regimen that includes calcium and vitamin D supplements for osteoporosis, metformin (Glucophage) for type 2 diabetes, phenelzine (Nardil) for depression, and metoprolol (Lopressor) and furosemide (Lasix) for hypertension. The woman is requesting dextromethorphan for the treatment of a recurrent cough. What component of her drug regimen contraindicates the use of dextromethorphan?

Question 9 A 53-year-old man has been treated for severe asthma for several years with prednisone. Recently, his physician initiated alternate-day therapy for him. The patient tells the nurse that he would rather take the medication every day to prevent confusion. Which of the following would be the best response by the nurse?

Question 10 A nurse is providing discharge planning for a 45-year-old woman who has a prescription for oral albuterol. The nurse will question the patient about her intake of which of the following?

Question 11 A 68-year-old man complains of a chronic, nonproductive cough. He states that he has to have relief, that he has been coughing every 2 to 3 minutes, and he is worn out. Dextromethorphan is prescribed for him. Before he leaves the clinic he asks how long it will take for the medicine to work. The nurse will advise him that he should experience therapeutic effects in

Question 12 A female patient, age 36, is prescribed inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) for daily use. Which of the following adverse effects should the nurse closely monitor for in this patient?

Question 13 A patient is being treated for respiratory infection. He is a recovering alcoholic and has impaired liver function. The nurse will instruct the patient to be especially cautious when taking

Question 14 A college student has presented the campus medical clinic complaining of cold symptoms that he has been experiencing for the past 2 weeks. He tells the nurse that he has been taking OTC decongestants twice daily since the onset of the cold. What teaching point should the nurse provide to this student?

Question 15 A high school student was diagnosed with asthma when he was in elementary school and has become accustomed to carrying and using his “puffers”. In recent months, he has become more involved in sports and has developed a habit of administering albuterol up to 10 times daily. The nurse should teach the student that overuse of albuterol can lead to

Question 16 Which of the following will a nurse inform the patient is one of the most common adverse effects of guaifenesin (Robitussin)?

Question 17 A nurse is assigned to a patient who is receiving IV aminophylline. The nurse is aware that the IV infusion rate should be

Question 18 A patient with a diagnosis of nonsmall cell lung cancer is currently undergoing chemotherapy. At the encouragement of a family member, the patient has announced to the nurse his intention to complement this treatment with a regimen of herbal remedies. How should the nurse respond to this patient’s statement?

Question 19 A 47-year-old woman has been diagnosed with open-angle glaucoma. Pilocarpine drops are prescribed. The nurse’s assessment reveals that the patient has worn soft contact lenses for 15 years. The nurse will instruct the patient to

Question 20 A man who smokes one pack of cigarettes daily has been diagnosed with chronic bronchitis. He has been prescribed theophylline by his family doctor. What effect will the patient’s smoking status have on the therapeutic use of theophylline?

Question 21 A nurse is providing patient education to a 42-year-old man who has been prescribed dextromethorphan (Robitussin). The patient is a crane operator for a local construction company. The nurse’s assessment reveals that the patient is a smoker and has diabetes. The most important safety consideration while the nurse is designing a plan of care for this patient would be the fact that he is

Question 22 A nurse is caring for a female patient who has developed atelectasis because of thick mucus secretions. The nurse is monitoring IV administration of acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) and notices that the patient’s face is flushed. The appropriate nursing action would be to

Question 23 A 24-year-old factory worker has been prescribed guaifenesin for the first time. Which of the following will be a priority assessment by the nurse before the patient’s first dose?

Question 24 A 25-year-old woman comes to the clinic because of a chronic, nonproductive cough. Assessment reveals that she has a history of asthma and dextromethorphan, (Robitussin) is prescribed for her. The nurse will question this order because

Question 25 A patient is in the clinic for seasonal allergic rhinitis. Loratadine (Claritin) is prescribed. Which of the following statements will the nurse include when providing patient education concerning this drug?

Question 26 A female patient has been taking prednisone for her asthma for 1 month. The nurse will teach her to gradually decrease her dose of prednisone to avoid

Question 27 A female patient calls the clinic and reports that since she has been taking dextromethorphan (Robitussin), she has been extremely drowsy and dizzy. The nurse will question the patient about which of the following?

Question 28 After a recent history of shortness of breath that has become increasingly severe, a woman has been prescribed ipratropium by MDI while she undergoes a diagnostic workup. What patient teaching should the nurse provide to this patient?

Question 29 The parents of a 7-year-old boy who has just been diagnosed with allergic asthma are being taught about their son’s medication regimen by the nurse. The nurse is currently teaching the parent’s about the appropriate use of a “rescue drug” for acute exacerbations of their son’s asthma. What drug should the nurse suggests the parents to use in these situations?

 

Question 30 A nurse is providing education to a 56-year-old man who is admitted to the emergency department with an acute asthma attack. The nurse’s initial assessment reveals that the patient has a history of pneumonia, drinks large quantities of coffee, and eats a high-calorie diet.Albuterol is prescribed for him. The important consideration when the nurse is preparing a teaching plan will be that the patient

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Statistical Technique in Review

 

 

 

Most research reports describe the subjects or participants who comprise the study sample. This description of the sample is called the sample characteristics, which may be presented in a table and/or the narrative of the article. The sample characteristics are often presented for each of the groups in a study (i.e., intervention and control groups). Descriptive statistics are calculated to generate sample characteristics, and the type of statistic conducted depends on the level of measurement of the demographic variables included in a study (Grove, Burns, & Gray, 2013). For example, data collected on gender is nominal level and can be described using frequencies, percentages, and mode. Measuring educational level usually produces ordinal data that can be described using frequencies, percentages, mode, median, and range. Obtaining each subject’s specific age is an example of ratio data that can be described using mean, range, and standard deviation. Interval and ratio data are analyzed with the same statistical techniques and are sometimes referred to as interval/ratio-level data in this text.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Research Article

 

 

 

Source

 

 

 

Oh, E. G., Yoo, J. Y., Lee, J. E., Hyun, S. S., Ko, I. S., & Chu, S. H. (2014). Effects of a three-month therapeutic lifestyle modification program to improve bone health in postmenopausal Korean women in a rural community: A randomized controlled trial. Research in Nursing & Health, 37(4), 292–301.

 

 

 

 

 

Introduction

 

 

 

Oh and colleagues (2014) conducted a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to examine the effects of a therapeutic lifestyle modification (TLM) intervention on the knowledge, self-efficacy, and behaviors related to bone health in postmenopausal women in a rural community. The study was conducted using a pretest-posttest control group design with a sample of 41 women randomly assigned to either the intervention (n = 21) or control group (n = 20). “The intervention group completed a 12-week, 24-session TLM program of individualized health monitoring, group health education, exercise, and calcium–vitamin D supplementation. Compared with the control group, the intervention group showed significant increases in knowledge and self-efficacy and improvement in diet and exercise after 12 weeks, providing evidence that a comprehensive TLM program can be effective in improving health behaviors to maintain bone health in women at high risk of osteoporosis” (Oh et al., 2014, p. 292).

 

 

 

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Relevant Study Results

 

 

 

“Bone mineral density (BMD; g/cm2) was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) with the use of a DEXXUM T machine . . . . A daily calibration inspection was performed. The error rate for these scans is less than 1%. Based on the BMD data, the participants were classified into three groups: osteoporosis (a BMD T-score less than −2.5); osteopenia (a BMD T-score between −2.5 and −1.0); and normal bone density (a BMD T-score higher than −1.0)” (Oh et al. 2014, p. 295).

 

 

 

 

 

“Characteristics of Participants

 

 

 

The study participants were 51–83 years old, and the mean age was 66.2 years (SD = 8.2). The mean BMI was 23.8 kg/m2 (SD = 3.2). Most participants did not consume alcoholic drinks, and all were nonsmokers. Antihypertensives and analgesics such as aspirin and acetaminophen were the most common medications taken by the participants. Less than 20% of participants had a regular routine of exercise at least three times per week. Daily calcium- and vitamin D-rich food intake (e.g., dairy products, fish oil, meat, and eggs) was low. Seventy-five percent (n = 31) of the participants had osteoporosis or osteopenia. There were no differences in the baseline characteristics of the groups (Table 2). The adherence rate to the TLM program was 99.6%” (Oh et al., 2014, p. 296).

 

 

 

TABLE 2

 

BASELINE CHARACTERISTICS AND HOMOGENEITY OF THE TREATMENT AND CONTROL GROUPS

 

 

 

Intervention (n = 21)Control (n = 20)CharacteristicMean ± SD Mean ± SD t or χ2 a 

 

Anthropometric Age (years)65.95 ± 8.5966.35 ± 7.940.154 Height (cm)152.33 ± 6.53150.57 ± 6.010.896 Weight (kg)57.90 ± 10.8554.66 ± 9.481.016 BMI (kg/m2)24.17 ± 3.1423.38 ± 3.320.782Lifestyle Years since menopause20.21 ± 10.4417.5 ± 11.050.767 Calcium-rich food intake (times/week)27.3 ± 11.423.8 ± 8.81.110 Vitamin D-rich food intake (times/week)2.4 ± 2.53.1 ± 3.10.705Intervention (n = 21) Control (n = 20) Characteristic n  %  n  % t or χ2  a    History of fracture8385251.026 Regular exercise (≥3 times/week)4194200.006 Non-drinker (alcohol)2095201000.024 Non-smoker21100201000.024Bone statusb   Normal (T ≥ −1.0)6294201.995 Osteopenia (−1.0 > T > −2.5)8381260 Osteoporosis (T ≤ −2.5)733420Intervention (n = 21) Control (n = 20) Characteristic Mean ± SD  Mean ± SD  t or χ2  a   BMD Lumbar 2–40.83 ± 0.120.85 ± 0.200.526 Femur neck0.67 ± 0.150.67 ± 0.130.055Bone biomarkers Serum osteocalcin (ng/ml)13.97 ± 4.9015.85 ± 5.641.135 Serum calcium (mg/dl)9.47 ± 0.409.54 ± 0.590.405 Serum phosphorus (mg/dl)3.68 ± 0.443.70 ± 0.500.165 Serum alkaline phosphatase (IU/L)68.43 ± 21.5266.70 ± 13.240.308 Serum 25-OH-Vitamin D (ng/ml)14.03 ± 4.3412.38 ± 4.651.177 Urine deoxypyridinoline (nM/mM creatinine)5.70 ± 1.705.95 ± 1.120.555

 

 

 

image

 

 

 

 

 

a All group differences p > 0.05.

 

 

 

b Defined from T-score of femur neck site based on World Health Organization criteria.

 

Note. SD, standard deviation; BMD, bone mineral density (g/cm2).

 

Oh, E. G., Yoo, J. Y., Lee, J. E., Hyun, S. S., Ko, I. S., & Chu, S. H. (2014). Effects of a three-month therapeutic lifestyle modification program to improve bone health in postmenopausal Korean women in a rural community: A randomized controlled trial. Research in Nursing & Health, 37(4), p. 297.

 

 

 

 

 

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Study Questions

 

 

 

 

 

1.  What demographic variables were described in this study?

 

2.  Which variable was measured at the ordinal level? Provide a rationale for your answer.

 

3.  What level of measurement is the data for history of fracture? Provide a rationale for your answer.

 

4.  What statistics were calculated to describe history of fracture? Were these appropriate? Provide a rationale for your answer.

 

5.  Could a mean be calculated on the history of fracture data? Provide a rationale for your answer.

 

6.  What statistics were calculated to describe the regular exercise (≥3 times per week) for the intervention and control groups? Calculate the frequency and percentage of the total sample who exercised regularly. Round your answer to the nearest tenth of a percent.

 

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7.  What statistics were calculated to describe age in this study? Were these appropriate? Provide a rationale for your answer.

 

8.  Were the intervention and control groups significantly different for age? Provide a rationale for your answer.

 

9.  What was the mode for bone status for the total sample (N = 41)? Determine the frequency and percentage for the bone status mode for the sample. Round your answer to the nearest whole percent. Why is this clinically important?

 

10.  Based on the bone status of the study participants, discuss the clinical importance of this study. Document your response.

 

 

 

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Answers to Study Questions

 

 

 

 

 

1.  Demographic variables described in the study were age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), lifestyle (years since menopause, calcium-rich food intake, vitamin D-rich food intake), history of fracture, regular exercise, alcohol consumption, and smoking. You might have identified the bone status, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone biomarkers but these are dependent variables for this study (Grove et al., 2013).

 

2.  The variable bone status provided ordinal-level data. The researchers classified the participants into three groups, normal (T-score higher than −1.0), osteopenia (T-score between −1.0 and −2.5), and osteoporosis (T-score less than −2.5), based on their BMD scores. These categories are exhaustive, mutually exclusive, and can be ranked from greatest or normal BMD to osteoporosis or least BMD.

 

3.  The data collected for history of fracture are nominal level, including the two categories of no history of fracture and yes history of fracture. These categories are exhaustive and mutually exclusive, since all study participants will fit into only one category. These yes and no categories of history of fracture cannot be ranked so the data are nominal versus ordinal level (see Exercise 1).

 

4.  Frequencies and percentages were used to describe history of fracture for the intervention and control groups. Since the data are nominal, frequencies and percentages were appropriate. The researchers might have also identified the mode, which was no history of fracture since 13 participants had a history of fracture and 28 had no history of fracture.

 

5.  No, a mean cannot be calculated on the history of fracture data, which are nominal-level data that can only be organized into categories (see Exercise 1). A mean can only be calculated on interval- and ratio-level data that are continuous and have numerically equal distances between intervals.

 

6.  Regular exercise was described for both the intervention and control groups using frequencies and percentages. A total of 8 or 19.5% of the participants exercised regularly. Eight of the participants (4 in the intervention and 4 in the control groups) were involved in regular exercise of the sample (N = 41). Percentage = (8 ÷ 41) × 100% = 0.1951 × 100% = 19.51% = 19.5%. Researchers also indicated in the narrative that less than 20% of the participants were involved in regular exercise, supporting the importance of providing these individuals with an exercise program.

 

7.  Age was described with means and SDs for the intervention and control groups (see Table 2). In the narrative, the range of ages for the participants was identified as 51–83 years, and the mean age for the total sample was 66.2 years (SD = 8.2). The statistics were appropriate since age was measured in years, which are ratio-level data that are analyzed with mean, SD, and range (Grove et al., 2013).

 

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8.  No, the groups were not significantly different for age. The results from the t-test (t = 0.154) indicated that the groups were not significantly different for age. In addition, the bottom of Table 2 states that all group differences were p > 0.05. The level of significance (alpha) in nursing studies is usually set at α = 0.05, and since all differences were p > 0.05, then no significant differences were found for the baseline characteristics between the intervention and control groups.

 

9.  The mode was osteopenia for the intervention and the control groups. The number and percentage of participants with osteopenia for the sample was (8 + 12) ÷ 41 × 100% = (20 ÷ 41) × 100% = 0.488 × 100% = 48.8% = 49%. It is clinically important that 49% of the women in the study had osteopenia or thinning bones and needed assistance in managing their bone health problem. Also 11 participants had osteoporosis or holes in their bones, an even more serious condition, requiring immediate and aggressive management to prevent fractures.

 

10.  Oh et al. (2014) indicated that 75% (n = 31) of the study participants had osteopenia or osteoporosis. So it is important for these individuals to have their bone health problem diagnosed and managed. The TLM program is multifaceted and has the potential to reduce these women’s bone health problems (osteopenia and osteoporosis). Additional research is needed to determine the effect of this intervention with larger samples and over extended time periods. National guidelines and important information about the assessment, diagnosis, and management of osteoporosis and osteopenia might be found at the following website: http://www.guideline.gov/search/search.aspx?term=osteoporosis or the National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) website at http://www.nof.org. You might use a variety of resources for documentation including research articles, websites, and textbooks.

 

 

 

 

 

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EXERCISE 10 Questions to Be Graded          (NEED THESE QUESTIONS ANSWERED)

 

 

 

Follow your instructor’s directions to submit your answers to the following questions for grading. Your instructor may ask you to write your answers below and submit them as a hard copy for grading. Alternatively, your instructor may ask you to use the space below for notes and submit your answers online at http://evolve.elsevier.com/Grove/statistics/ under “Questions to Be Graded.”

 

 

 

Name: _______________________________________________________ Class: _____________________

 

Date: ___________________________________________________________________________________

 

 

 

1.  What demographic variables were measured at the nominal level of measurement in the Oh et al. (2014) study? Provide a rationale for your answer.

 

2.  What statistics were calculated to describe body mass index (BMI) in this study? Were these appropriate? Provide a rationale for your answer.

 

3.  Were the distributions of scores for BMI similar for the intervention and control groups? Provide a rationale for your answer.

 

4.  Was there a significant difference in BMI between the intervention and control groups? Provide a rationale for your answer.

 

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5.  Based on the sample size of N = 41, what frequency and percentage of the sample smoked? What frequency and percentage of the sample were non-drinkers (alcohol)? Show your calculations and round to the nearest whole percent.

 

6.  What measurement method was used to measure the bone mineral density (BMD) for the study participants? Discuss the quality of this measurement method and document your response.

 

7.  What statistic was calculated to determine differences between the intervention and control groups for the lumbar and femur neck BMDs? Were the groups significantly different for BMDs?

 

8.  The researchers stated that there were no significant differences in the baseline characteristics of the intervention and control groups (see Table 2). Are these groups heterogeneous or homogeneous at the beginning of the study? Why is this important in testing the effectiveness of the therapeutic lifestyle modification (TLM) program?

 

9.  Oh et al. (2014, p. 296) stated that “the adherence rate to the TLM program was 99.6%.” Discuss the importance of intervention adherence, and document your response.

 

10.  Was the sample for this study adequately described? Provide a rationale for your answer.