Based on “Case Study: Fetal Abnormality” and the required topic study materials, write a 750-1,000-word reflection that answers the following questions:

1. What is the Christian view of the nature of human persons, and which theory of moral status is it compatible with? How is this related to the intrinsic human value and dignity?
2. Which theory or theories are being used by Jessica, Marco, Maria, and Dr. Wilson to determine the moral status of the fetus? What from the case study specifically leads you to believe that they hold the theory you selected?
3. How does the theory determine or influence each of their recommendations for action?
4. What theory do you agree with? Why? How would that theory determine or influence the recommendation for action?

Remember to support your responses with the topic study materials.

While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

Leininger and Watson

Write a 1500-1750 word APA paper addressing each of the following points. Be sure to completely answer all the questions for each bullet point. Separate each section in your paper with a clear heading that allows your professor to know which bullet you are addressing in that section of your paper. Support your ideas with at least two (2) sources and the textbook using citations in your essay. Make sure to cite using the APA writing style for the essay. The cover page and reference page in correct APA do not count towards the minimum word amount. Review the rubric criteria for this assignment.

Case study #1 

Mrs. Franklin-Jones was admitted from the Emergency Room to Cardiac Intensive Care one week ago with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. She has recovered as expected and is moving to the cardiac step down unit today. She is talking with Nurse Julie Hernandez, as she gets settled in her new room, “I was really surprised when I got that bad pain in my chest! I knew I had high pressure but I just didn’t think it was that bad. I try to take my medicine like they told me to in the clinic but sometimes I forget. I guess that I need to study those papers they gave me about what foods I should eat and not eat. I better take care of myself! Momma had bad pressure and it killed her! Who knows—I may even have to learn to cook different than I was taught in Jamaica! I may have to let Tomas do the cooking. He’s got more time at home now than I do since he lost his job. There isn’t too much time between my shifts at the school cafeteria and my new housecleaning job. You know my sister is coming up from Jamaica to see me. I think she is bringing me some bush tea. That’ll set me right!”

• Using Leininger’s Culture Care Model, what factors in the story shared by Mrs. Franklin-Jones should be considered by Nurse Hernandez when planning for the patient’s discharge?
• Why is the theory of Culture Care Diversity important in the delivery of nursing care for all patients?
• Using Leininger’s Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality, develop a plan of care for Mrs. Franklin-Jones.
• Discuss the strengths and limits to Leininger’s Theory.

Case Study #2

Claude Jean-Baptiste is recovering from post-hip replacement surgery and has been transferred to the Rehabilitation Institute adjacent to the hospital. When he enters the unit, he sees welcoming signs written in several languages including his own, Creole. Since there are no nurses on that shift that speak Creole, they use a language line to ask for translation services. During this initial nursing assessment, the translator informs Mr. Jean-Baptiste that the nurses invite him to have a relative at his side so that they can be sure to understand and meet his needs. He is asked about Haitian customs and beliefs that they might honor. Mr. Jean-Baptiste is encouraged to bring food and spiritual care items, and to share the warmth of his culture with the nursing staff.

• Discuss assumptions of the Transpersonal Caring relationship. What is the nurse’s role?
• How is love, as defined by Watson, evident in this caring moment?
• How can the nurse creatively use self to create a healing environment?
• Discuss the strengths and limits to Watson’s Theory.

Assignment Expectations:

Length: 1500 – 1750 words

Structure: Include a title page and reference page in APA format.  These do not count towards the minimum word count for this assignment. Your essay must include an introduction and a conclusion.

References: Use appropriate APA style in-text citations and references for all resources utilized to answer the questions. A minimum of two (2) outside scholarly sources and the textbook are required for this assignment.

Rubric: This assignment uses a rubric for scoring. Please review it as part of your assignment preparation and again prior to submission to ensure you have addressed its criteria at the highest level.

Format: Save your assignment as a Microsoft Word document (.doc or .docx) or PDF document (.pd

 Week 1 

Evidence based practice, research and theory are the pillars of the nursing profession. The interaction of these three principles is mutual and aids with the collaboration of educating novice nurses. Nursing, as a profession, is committed to recognizing its own unparalleled body of knowledge vital to nursing practice—nursing science (Marrs, 2006).To distinguish this foundation of knowledge, nurses need to identify, develop, and understand concepts and theories in line with nursing. Florence Nightingale, the mother of nursing, defined nursing in her “Environmental Theory” as “the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist in recovery”.

For theory, clinical evidence-based practice creates research questions and knowledge. Research drives evidence based practice and develops knowledge through the advancement of theories. Theory guides research and improves evidence-based practice. Nursing is a unique discipline and is separate from medicine. It has its own body of knowledge on which delivery of care is based upon.

The aim of the research is enrichment of knowledge in any field. Research seeks for the truth that is already there but needs to be explored. Successful nursing practice involves the use of knowledge, skills, care, and creativity in an efficient, effective, and considerate manner to treat patients (Marrs, 2006). Research findings provide an important part of the knowledge involved in making health decisions in nursing. Moreover, all recommendations on medical care should be focused on evidence from research. To establish a protocol, research results are used and the plan is implemented in everyday clinical practice.

Using research in day-to-day nursing practice will enhance patient care and nursing practice, and can help to provide safe and cost-effective care. The survival of nursing as a profession depends on nurses’ ability to understand and apply theory while providing optimum care. An ongoing challenge to the nursing profession is to keep the important relationship between research, theory and practice in force (Veloza, 2016). As a proficient clinician, we rely strongly on research and practice to determine the treatment that will be rendered. At times, I tend to analyze situations, regardless of what the physician orders because they are not visually viewing the patients.

The relationship between research and theory is reciprocal where research generate more knowledge and theory. Theory is central to the research process, where it is necessary to use theory as a context to support the research with insight and direction. Theory may be used by creating and evaluating hypotheses of interest to direct the research process. The relationship between theory and evidence based practice reciprocal. Practice is the basis for the development of nursing theory whereas nursing theory must be validated in practice (Marrs, 2006).

Research relies on theory and vice-versa. The scenario of nursing practice that is distinguished by good care must be supported by nursing science in which the development and spread of knowledge through research is a two-way street between theory, founded on the concepts and propositions of nursing science and practice (Veloza, 2016). Nursing is based on the theory of what nursing is, what nurses do, and why nurses exist. We are the foundation of healthcare and without nurses, the body of healthcare will never be the same.

References: 

Nursing theory and practice: connecting the dots. Marrs JA, Lowry LW. Nurs Sci Q. 2006 Jan;19(1):44-50. doi: 10.1177/0894318405283547. PMID: 16407599

Veloza-Gomez M. The Research-Theory-Practice Relationship a Reference for the Discipline of

Nursing. Ann Nurs Res Pract. 2016; 1(1): 1004.

  case 1 

• 76-year-old Black/African-American male with disabilities living in an urban setting.
• Adolescent Hispanic/Latino boy living in a middle-class suburb

Week 1 Discussion, Case Study 1

There are a few different interpersonal barriers to effective communication.  The first being a language barrier, English is a very complex language, we have many words that have multiple meanings, and many slang words.  This can be very confusing for patients that English is not their first language.  Psychological barriers can include being embarrassed, shy, cognitive issues, and mental disabilities.  Cultural barriers between patient and provider can cause strained relationships.  Some cultures find it offensive to maintain eye contact, while some find the simple touch as being offensive.  Environmental barriers should also be considered, these include noise, lack of privacy, and room being too hot or too cold.  Taking into consideration the physiological barriers that patient may have including hearing deficits and potential stress the patient may be under that would cause a patient to not understand what we are asking or teaching them.

Taking these barriers into consideration while caring for our 76 year old African-American man with disabilities living in an urban setting, we would be considering the type of disability the patient has.  The case study does not define this disability as physical or mental.  If the patient has a mental disability we would be up against the psychological barriers and would need to be cognizant of our approach with trying to navigate this barrier.  There is also a potential for a language barrier with this patient, while most African-Americans speak English, there is still the aspect of the slang words that can have different meanings based on culture, and there is a potential for cultural barriers to be present as the patient may have beliefs that differ from my own.

In caring for this patient, I would first explain to the patient exactly what I am going to be doing, and would show him the equipment that I will be using and explain what each item is for.  If the patient has mental disabilities, I would also demonstrate for him either on myself or another family member of the patients the procedures.  Building trust with the patient is the first item that needs to happen in order to provide this patient with the best possible care.

Caring for an adolescent Hispanic boy, we also have the potential for a language barrier.  This child may speak English as a second language and may have difficulty in interpreting what is being stated to him.  There may be psychological barriers, due to the patient being an adolescent male and myself being female.  The patient may be shy or uncomfortable speaking with a female healthcare professional.  There may be cultural barriers as well,  Hispanics are very tight-knit families, and can tend to be over-emotional.  Hispanics also tend to be more “touchy-feely”. 

In caring for this patient, I would also explain to him exactly what I am going to be doing.  I would also show him the equipment and would explain what each item is for.  I would allow him to hold the equipment, to allow him to see how it works.  Should this patient need a demonstration on another person, or a stuffed animal, I would provide this demonstration prior to performing the procedure on him.

“The most common approach for documenting a history and physical is the subjective data, objective data, assessment, and plan (SOAP) format” (Rhodes & Petersen, 2021). The subjective data includes patient identifiers, the chief complaint, history of present illness, past medical history, family history, social history, and the review of system.  The objective date includes the physical examination, and any diagnostic tests results that were completed.  The assessment portion has three categories, new diagnoses and any preexisting diagnoses, differential diagnoses, and a problem list.  The plan section is the final section, in this section the healthcare practitioner would lay out what the treatment plan is for the patient.  This would include: nonpharmacological interventions, pharmacological inerventions, educational needs, follow-up, and referrals.

References

Rhoads, J., & Wiggins Petersen, S. (2021). Advanced Health Assessment and Diagnostic Reasoning. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.

Wainwright, N. (2017).  Barriers to Effective Interpersonal Communication.  https://bizfluent.com/list-7422303-barriers-effective-interpersonal-communication.html