For our discussion board this week, we will discuss a neurological condition known as Cluster Headache.

Week 9 Discussion:

Richard is a 40-year-old man with a history of 4 weeks of cluster headache once each year. These began when he was 35 years old. His cluster periods occur in the fall. The cluster period begins slowly, increasing over 1 week, reaching a peak where Richard has two or three severe cluster attacks each day. They occur from 10 p.m. to 3 a.m. Each cluster headache lasts from 40 to 90 minutes, and the headaches are severe. The pain is always on the right side, with eye tearing and nasal congestion. 

Richard comes into our office 1 week into this fall’s cluster series. The headaches are increasing in intensity, and he is miserable with the pain.

Please complete the following questions: 

• Describe Cluster Headache and its epidemiology.
• What would be your goals for therapy for Richard? Give rationale with evidence from articles. 

Please limit your posts to the above 2 questions. APA Format

Week 2 Discussion

• Choose two concepts in the theory you choose last week and describe:
  • How are the concepts defined in general (from other references)? 
  • How does the theorist define each of the concepts you have chosen?
  • How do those concepts apply to your clinical practice? Give concrete examples. To support your work, use the textbooks from your course and also use the South University Online Library, citing your sources in your work and providing references for the citations in APA format.

Remember to list two concepts – and remember that theories are derived from conceptual models and are comprised of concepts and propositions. The only concepts that are common to all nursing theories, in some shape or form, are patient, nurse, health, and environment – which we discussed last week.

This week, select two concepts that are unique to your selected theory from last week – but they CANNOT be one of the four metaparadigm concepts – person, nurse, health or environment.

please do it on Florence nightingales environmental theory and make sure to use two concepts my teacher is deducting points if the two concepts aren’t mentioned in the discussio. Thanks 

Topic: Effect of Cholesterol in the Human Body 

 1. Based on the information collected in the Research Method, formulate the Results section of your selected topic. Do not forget that your Results section needs to provide a visual (table, graphic, figure, etc.) and a narrative paragraph that helps your reader understand the information presented in the visual. Please do not interpret the results!2. Post your Results.Attached is the research method I wrote and also the class notes for the results.  

Research method:

Effect of Cholesterol in the Human Body 

 For this study, a meta-analysis method was used to synthesize different results found among several studies. The researcher accessed the virtual library through the MRU home page. Then, the researcher accessed the EBSCOhost databases. Once there, the researcher selected both MEDLINE Complete and CINAHL Complete. An advanced search was performed, for which the following keywords were entered in the Boolean search: “Cholesterol”, “human body”, and “affects.” The search was limited to references providing full text, peer reviewed, and abstract available. A limitation was set for research published within the last five years, from 2016 to 2021. Additionally, researcher consulted only articles published in English. The search provided access to a total of 29,454 articles, of which only five (5) studies were selected based on their relevance with the topic; the other 29,449 were discarded. 

 

Literature Review/ Effect of Cholesterol in the Human Body

According to study done by (Jeong.et.al 2018), it was discovered that increased cholesterol levels were associated with high risk of contracting cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in young adults. Furthermore, it was discovered that young adults with decreased cholesterol levels had a reduced risk of contracting CVD. From this research study, there is a direct correlation between cholesterol levels and incidences of CVDs. The main inconsistency with this study is that it was mainly focused on young adults, thus excluding the older people who are the ones that are adversely affected by this disease. (Sonoda.et.al 2018) used the Friedewald equation as the standard method to evaluate the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. A constant value, five, was used although the study to come up with the ratios. The problem with this study was that the LDL-C levels obtained from Friedewald were not accurate. It was proposed that the researchers should use the novel method for LDL-C estimation as it gave more accurate results compared to Friedewald theory. There was no direct connection between the lipoprotein cholesterol levels and incidences of CVDs amongst the patients.

            A more dynamic approach was used by (Soran.et.al 2018) which involved the administering cholesterol lowering medication on its patients. A sample size of 100 was used for patients who had undergone 10 years treatment on the cholesterol lowering drugs. It was discovered that patients with reduced cholesterol level concentration were less likely to contract CVDs. The major problem arising from this study is that the patients had to undergo treatment for a period of not less than 10 years before being considered as suitable candidates for this study. Research done by (Wahid.et.al 2016) revealed that general body wellness is associated with the shift from inactivity to small amounts of activity. This conclusion provides a direct correlation between physical fitness and incidences of CVDs. It was discovered that people who engaged in physical activity were less likely to contract CVDs while those that were inactive were at a high risk of contracting CVDs. This research finding is perhaps the most accurate because a large sample size of 3439874 participants in 179393 events over a period of 12.3 years was used. It was concluded that a shift from being inactive to engaging in physical activity levels of about 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic session per week was associated with reduced CVD mortality by 23% and a decrease in CVDs incidences by 17%.

            Study done by (Estruch.et.al 2018) revealed that CVD risk can be reduced by taking Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin oil or nuts opposed to taking a reduced-fat diet. This came as a shocker to many people who followed the popular belief that taking foods with the least amount of fats would prevent them from contracting CVDs. Of all the dietary measures used in this study, the Mediterranean diet proved to be the most effective in lowering attack by CVDs.

References. 

Estruch, R., Ros, E., Salas-Salvadó, J., Covas, M. I., Corella, D., Arós, F., … & Martínez-González, M. A. (2018). Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts. New England journal of medicine, 378(25), e34. 

Jeong, S. M., Choi, S., Kim, K., Kim, S. M., Lee, G., Park, S. Y., … & Park, S. M. (2018). Effect of change in total cholesterol levels on cardiovascular disease among young adults. Journal of the American Heart Association, 7(12), e008819. 

Sonoda, T., Takumi, T., Miyata, M., Kanda, D., Kosedo, I., Yoshino, S., & Ohishi, M. (2018). Validity of a novel method for estimating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in cardiovascular disease patients treated with statins. Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis, 44396. 

Soran, H., Adam, S., & Durrington, P. N. (2018). Optimizing treatment of hyperlipidemia: Quantitative evaluation of UK, USA and European guidelines taking account of both LDL cholesterol levels and cardiovascular disease risk. Atherosclerosis, 278, 135-142. 

Wahid, A., Manek, N., Nichols, M., Kelly, P., Foster, C., Webster, P., … & Scarborough, P. (2016). Quantifying the association between physical activity and cardiovascular disease and diabetes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of the American Heart Association, 5(9), e002495.

Research Method for Effect of Cholesterol in the Human Body

For this study, a meta-analysis method was used to synthesize different results found among several studies. The researcher accessed the virtual library through the MRU home page. Then, the researcher accessed the EBSCOhost databases. Once there, the researcher selected both MEDLINE Complete and CINAHL Complete. An advanced search was performed, for which the following keywords were entered in the Boolean search: “Cholesterol”, “human body”, and “affects.” The search was limited to references providing full text, peer reviewed, and abstract available. A limitation was set for research published within the last five years, from 2016 to 2021. Additionally, researcher consulted only articles published in English. The search provided access to a total of 29,454 articles, of which only five (5) studies were selected based on their relevance with the topic; the other 29,449 were discarded. 

• Determine your states practice environment color – green, yellow, or red.
• Discuss how your states is an independent practice or practice restricted state.
• Describe the prescriptive authority for your state.
• (For California Students) Review the CA Standardize Procedures requirement of NPs and discussion the meaning of Standardize Procedures (California BRN – Standardized Procedures Guideline) .
• (For States other than California Students) Identify one (1) barrier to practice and a strategy to address the removal of the identified barrier.
• Review the American Association for Nurse Practitioners ‘State Practice Environment’ Map and determine your states color – green, yellow, or red.
  Review a second time the Nurse Practice Act in your State for Advanced Practice to assist you in answering the questions in the discussion.
  Due: 3/12/21
• Length: A minimum of 250 words, not including references
• Citations: At least one high-level scholarly reference in APA from within the last 5 years