Topic: Chronic psychosocial Stress and Hypertension

“Genetic and behavioral factors do not fully explain the development of hypertension, and there is increasing evidence suggesting that psychosocial factors may also play an important role. Exposure to chronic stress has been hypothesized as a risk factor for hypertension, and occupational stress, stressful aspects of the social environment, and low socioeconomic status have each been studied extensively” (Spruill, 2010, p.10).

• Describe the participant protections provided by the researchers for participants. Participant protection provided was presenting the stressors in a lab, and not the real world.  The participants were then taught ways to cope.
• How were the participants selected? How might this impact ethical principles within the study? A cross sectional analysis of 2612 participants from 495 neighborhoods was done to choose the participants. The participants were chosen from people who were included in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. The participants were people experiencing low socioeconomic status, racial discrimination, and occupational stress which could impact ethical principles.
• Would the participants in this study be considered “vulnerable”? Why or why not? Yes, because the participant with bp issues is forced to confront stressors in a lab.   For example, African Americans living in the US suffer from higher rates of hypertension than whites and reasons remain poorly understood, (Spruill, 2010, p.12).  One aspect is that African Americans demonstrate elevated bp to race related lab stressors such as listening to audiotapes and watching videotapes of racist scenarios or recall of personal experiences.  Evidence showed that reactivity is influenced the degree to which the subjects attribute to race-related discrimination, (Spruill, 2010, p.12).
• Were participants subjected to any physical harm or discomfort or psychological distress as part of the study? What efforts did the researchers make to minimize harm and maximize good? Yes, they were forced to confront the stressor being studied, whereas in real life, they probably tried their best to avoid certain stressors. The participants were taught interventions to help reduce blood pressure such as muscle relaxation, biofeedback, meditation, and other coping mechanisms.
• Does the report discuss steps that were taken to protect the privacy and confidentiality of study participant? There is a disclosure note: Disclosure No potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.

“Much of the work to date regarding effects of rumination on BP has used laboratory stressors; though this approach is useful and important, the artificiality of the situation limits the generalizability of results to the real world. Response to laboratory stressors may be a poor indicator of the degree to which people ruminate about real-life stressors. Further, in the laboratory, the participant is forced to confront the stressor being studied, whereas in the field, the person may use various strategies (eg, distraction) to avoid such engagement. Thus, an important next step in evaluating rumination as a possible mechanism by which stress contributes to hypertension is to observe the effects of naturally occurring stressors on ruminative thoughts and BP outside the laboratory” (Spruill, 2010, p.14).

Spruill, T. M. (2010). Chronic psychosocial stress and hypertension. Current Hypertension Reports, 12(1), 10-6. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11906-009-0084-8

(2refences required)

What is your leadership philosophy? In this Assignment, you will explore what guides your own leadership.

To Prepare:

• Identify two to three scholarly resources, in addition to this Module’s readings, that evaluate the impact of leadership behaviors in creating healthy work environments.
• Reflect on the leadership behaviors presented in the three resources that you selected for review.
• Reflect on your results of the CliftonStrengths Assessment, and consider how the results relate to your leadership traits.
• Download your Signature Theme Report to submit for this Assignment.

The Assignment (2-3 pages) 4 REFENCES

Personal Leadership Philosophies

Develop and submit a personal leadership philosophy that reflects what you think are characteristics of a good leader. Use the scholarly resources on leadership you selected to support your philosophy statement. Your personal leadership philosophy should include the following:

• A description of your core values.
• A personal mission/vision statement.
• An analysis of your CliftonStrengths Assessment summarizing the results of your profile
• A description of two key behaviors that you wish to strengthen.
• A development plan that explains how you plan to improve upon the two key behaviors you selected and an explanation of how you plan to achieve your personal vision. Be specific and provide examples.

                                  Nursing Theory

Identify one specific nursing theory that relates to your area of practice. 

The nursing theorists that I chose to write about is Katharine Kolcaba Comfort theory. Her theory of comfort can be used in almost any area of nursing, and definitely those that provides patient care. As emergency room nurse, we see patients in an acute state of discomfort. It becomes our job to see that patients comfort needs are met, as well as the family members. “Comfort theory is an immediate desirable outcome of nursing care, according to the Comfort Theory“ (Comfort Theory by Katharine Kolcaba, n.d.).   

Discuss the type of the selected nursing theory according to scope (meta-theory, grand, middle-range, or practice theory) and purpose (descriptive, explanatory, predictive, or prescriptive).

Katharine Kolcaba comfort theory of nursing, was developed in the 1990s (Comfort Theory by Katharine Kolcaba, n.d.). Though her theory is considered a middle-middle range theory, her theory’s has been cited in a considerable number of nursing studies(McEwen & Wills, n.d.). The major focus on her theory included: comfort, comfort care, comfort measures, comfort needs, health-seeking behaviors, institutional integrity, and intervening variables (McEwen & Wills, n.d.). “Understanding of comfort can promote nursing care that is holistic and inclusive of physical, psychospiritual, social, and environmental interventions” (McEwen & Wills, n.d.). 

Provide an example of how the selected nursing theory can be applied to your area of practice. The example should include core concepts of the theory and demonstrate its practical application. ​​​​​​​

“Kolcaba described comfort as existing in 3 forms: relief, ease, and transcendence” (Comfort Theory by Katharine Kolcaba, n.d.). Nursing can be described as the process of assessing the patients comfort needs, developing and implementing suitable nursing interventions, and evaluating the patients comfort level after receiving nursing intervention (Comfort Theory by Katharine Kolcaba, n.d.). For example, a patient is seen in the emergency room for foot pain. From the moment they are placed in a room, they are assessed by the doctor and the nurse. The assessment for pain can be objective or subjective. Some of those needs are identified by the nurse, who then implements interventions to meet the needs of the patient (McEwen & Wills, n.d.). Intervention can be as simple as a bag of ICE or foot placement. If pain medication is prescribed, a pain scale is then used to assess level of paint. A pain scale will continue to be used until a level of comfort is achieved by the patient.   

Write a one page summary on the  Pheochromocytoma . You should state the following;

i.) It is condition affecting which system of the body?

ii.) Symptoms

iii.) Risk Factors

iv.) Causes

v.) Diagnostic guidelines

List four(4) classes of anti-hypertensive medications used for the control of hypertension

and mention two examples of drugs for each class.

The paper will be a five pages (excluding the Tittle page, Abstract, and References)

The paper Must be in (APA FORMAT), Must be divided as fallows 

A) Tittle

B) Abstract 

C) What is the specific Concept (page one) 

D) Nursing assessment for specific concept (page two) 

E) Patient problem/nursing diagnosis related to specific concept (page three)

F) Specific, realistic, and measurable goals attributed to patient care of specific concept (page four) 

G) Nursing interventions for patient care of specific concept (page five ) 

H) References 

* Please have correct spelling, grammar, punctuation

* Sentence structure when writing a professional paper  

MUST TURN IN MARCH 24th AT 4PM 

No PLAGIARISM