Answer these essay questions:

Essay #1: Case Study: Echo Electronics

Paul Sanchez is the production manager for Echo Electronics, a small company that makes and distributes communications equipment. Paul’s direct subordinates are the supervisors of the four production departments in the company’s manufacturing plant. Six months ago, the engineering manager at Echo Electronics proposed a plan to install new computerized workstations to increase productivity in the plant. It seemed to be a good idea to Paul, and he welcomed the change. The CEO also approved the plan, and the new equipment was installed immediately.

Three months later, Paul was surprised and disappointed to find that the expected increase in productivity did not occur. In fact, productivity and quality actually decreased. The marketing manager told Paul that several of their best customers complained about receiving Echo equipment that was defective. Paul does not believe that the problem lies with the new workstations. Technicians from the firm that built the workstations recently checked them and found that they were operating properly. Paul talked to someone at another company that uses the workstations, and his contact reported that they were having great success with them.

When Paul discussed the problem with his four production supervisors, he found that they shared his concern but did not agree among themselves about the cause of the problem. Reasons given for the decline in performance included poor design of the workstations, inadequate training of the production workers who operate them, and lack of financial incentives for increasing productivity. The supervisors also told Paul that the production workers have strong feelings about the workstations. Morale declined, and two employees quit because they were upset about the changes made in the way the work is done.

This morning, Paul received a phone call from the CEO who just received the production figures for last month and was calling to express concern about them. The CEO indicated that the problem was Paul’s to solve, but he must take immediate steps to deal with it. The CEO wants to know by next week what steps Paul will take to reverse the decline in productivity and product quality.

 Questions

1. What actions could Paul have taken to prevent the problem?
2. What steps should Paul take now to deal with the problem?

Essay #2: Case Study: Alvis Corporation

Kathy McCarthy was the manager of a production department in Alvis Corporation, a firm that manufactures office equipment. The workers are not unionized. After reading an article that stressed the benefits of participative management, Kathy believed that these benefits could be realized in her department if the workers were allowed to participate in making some decisions that affect them. Kathy selected two decisions for an experiment in participative management.

The first decision involved vacation schedules. Each summer the workers are given two weeks’ vacation, but no more than two workers can go on vacation at the same time. In prior years, Kathy made this decision herself. She would first ask the workers to indicate their preferred dates, then she considered how the work would be affected if different people were out at the same time. It was important to plan a vacation schedule that would ensure adequate staffing for all of the essential operations performed by the department. When more than two workers wanted the same time period, and they had similar skills, she usually gave preference to the workers with the highest productivity.

The second decision involved production standards. Sales had been increasing steadily over the past few years, and the company recently installed some new equipment to increase productivity. The new equipment would make it possible to produce more with the same number of workers. The company had a pay incentive system in which workers received a piece rate for each unit produced above a standard amount. Separate standards existed for each type of product, based on an industrial engineering study conducted a few years earlier. Top management wanted to readjust the production standards to reflect the fact that the new equipment made it possible for the workers to earn more without working any harder. The savings from higher productivity were needed to help pay for the new equipment.

Kathy called a meeting of her 15 workers an hour before the end of the work day and explained that she wanted them to discuss the two issues and make recommendations. Kathy figured that the workers might be inhibited about participating in the discussion if she were present, so she left them alone to discuss the issues. Besides, Kathy had an appointment to meet with the quality control manager. Quality problems had increased after the new equipment was installed, and the industrial engineers were studying the problem in an attempt to determine why quality had gotten worse rather than better.

When Kathy returned to her department just at quitting time, she was surprised to learn that the workers recommended keeping the standards the same. She had assumed they knew the pay incentives were no longer fair and would set a higher standard. The worker speaking for the group explained that their base pay had not kept up with inflation, and the higher incentive pay restored their real income to its prior level.

On the vacation issue, the group was deadlocked. Several of the workers wanted to take their vacations during the same two-week period and could not agree on who should go. Some workers argued that they should have priority because they had more seniority, while others argued that priority should be based on productivity, as in the past. Because it was quitting time, the group concluded that Kathy would have to resolve the dispute herself. After all, wasn’t that what she was being paid for?

Questions

1. Were the two decisions appropriate for a group decision procedure according to the Vroom–Yetton model?
2. What mistakes were made in using participation, and what could have been done to avoid the difficulties the manager encountered?
3. Where these two decisions appropriate ones for introducing participation into the department?

Essay #3: What are the potential benefits of delegation, and when is it most likely to be successful?  What are some guidelines on what to delegate? Why do some managers find it so difficult to delegate or share power?  Write an essay on Steve Jobs style of functioning? Did he delegate his job effectively?

Essay #4: Case Study: National Products

Susan Thomas is the vice president for human resources at National Products, a manufacturing company with 500 employees. The company has an opening for a general manager in one of its product divisions, and the president asked Susan to review the backgrounds of three department managers who are interested in being promoted to this position. She is expected either to recommend one of the three internal candidates or to begin recruitment of external candidates. The internal candidates are Charley Adams, Bill Stuart, and Ray Johnson. The following information about each candidate was obtained from performance records, interviews with the candidates, and discussions with the boss of each candidate.

Charley Adams

Charley Adams has been a production manager for the past eight years. He is an easygoing person who loves to swap jokes and tell stories. Charley stresses the importance of cooperation and teamwork. He is uncomfortable with conflict, and he tries to smooth it over quickly or find an acceptable compromise.

Before becoming a manager, Charley was always willing to take on extra assignments for his boss and to provide helpful advice to less experienced coworkers in his department. Charley is proud of his reputation as a “good team player” and a loyal “company man.” It is important to Charley to be liked and appreciated by people in the organization.

Charley comes from a cultural background emphasizing the importance of close family ties. He holds frequent Sunday dinners at which the entire Adams clan gathers for an afternoon of swimming, baseball, eating, and singing. On Saturdays, Charley likes to play golf with friends, including some of the other managers in the company.

Charley wants his department to have a good performance record, but he is reluctant to jeopardize relations with subordinates by pushing them to improve their performance beyond current levels, which he believes are adequate. When Charley gives out performance bonuses to subordinates, he usually tries to give something to everyone.

Bill Stuart

Bill Stuart has been the manager of an engineering department for three years. He was promoted to that position because he was the best design engineer in the company and was ambitious to further his career by going into management. At the time, Bill had little understanding of what the job would be like, but he saw it as both an opportunity and a challenge.  Bill grew up as somewhat of a loner. He still feels awkward around people he doesn’t know well, and he dislikes social functions such as cocktail parties and company picnics. As a design engineer, Bill preferred assignments where he could work alone rather than team projects. He is impatient with bureaucratic authority figures and he is critical of corporate policies that he regards as too restrictive. Bill gets along well with his present boss, because he is left alone to run his engineering group in his own way.

Bill likes challenging assignments, and he tries to save the most difficult and interesting design projects for himself. Although Bill usually performs these tasks effectively, his preoccupation with them sometimes takes time away from some of his managerial responsibilities, such as developing and mentoring subordinates.

Ray Johnson

Ray Johnson has been a corporate marketing manager for five years. He grew up in a poor ethnic neighborhood where he learned to be tough in order to survive. He has worked hard to get where he is, but for Ray, good performance has been a way to get ahead rather than something he enjoys for its own sake.

Ray lives in a large house with a big swimming pool in the best part of town, and he likes to throw big parties at his home. He wears expensive clothes, drives a luxury car, and he belongs to the best country club. Ray is married, but fancies himself as quite a playboy and has had many affairs, including some with female employees.

Ray views the organization as a political jungle, and he is quick to defend himself against any threats to his reputation, authority, or position. He tries to undermine or discredit anybody who criticizes or opposes him. He keeps a tight control over the operations of his department, and he insists that subordinates check with him before taking any action that is not routine.

Questions

1. What are the dominant motives for each candidate?
2. What are the implications of these traits for the success of each candidate if selected for the general manager position?
3. Should Susan recommend one of these candidates for the position, or look for external candidates?

 

evelop a 3-4 page preliminary care coordination plan for a hypothetical individual in your community. Identify and list available community resources for a safe and effective continuum of care.

NOTE: You are required to complete this assessment before Assessment 4.

The first step in any effective project or clinical patient encounter is planning. This assessment provides an opportunity for you to strengthen your understanding of how to plan and negotiate the coordination of care for an individual in your community as you consider the patient’s unique needs; the ethical, cultural, and physiological factors that affect care; and the critical resources available in your community that are the foundation of a safe plan for the continuum of care.

As you begin to prepare this assessment, you are encouraged to complete the Care Coordination Planning activity. Completion of this will provide useful practice, particularly for those of you who do not have care coordination experience in community settings. The information gained from completing this activity will help you succeed with the assessment. Completing formatives is also a way to demonstrate engagement.

Demonstration of Proficiency

By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the course competencies through the following assessment scoring guide criteria:

• Competency 1: Adapt care based on patient-centered and person-focused factors.
  • Analyze a health concern and the associated best practices for health improvement.
• Competency 2: Collaborate with patients and family to achieve desired outcomes.
  • Establish mutually agreed-upon health goals for a care coordination plan, in collaboration with the patient.
• Competency 3: Create a satisfying patient experience.
  • Identify available community resources for a safe and effective continuum of care.
• Competency 6: Apply professional, scholarly communication strategies to lead patient-centered care.
  • Write clearly and concisely in a logically coherent and appropriate form and style.

Preparation

Imagine that you are a staff nurse in a community care center. Your facility has always had a dedicated case management staff that coordinated the patient plan of care, but recently, there were budget cuts and the case management staff has been relocated to the inpatient setting. Care coordination is essential to the success of effectively managing patients in the community setting, so you have been asked by your nurse manager to take on the role of care coordination. You are a bit unsure of the process, but you know you will do a good job because, as a nurse, you are familiar with difficult tasks. As you take on this expanded role, you will need to plan effectively in addressing the specific health concerns of community residents.

As you assume your expanded care coordination role, you have been tasked with addressing the specific health concerns of a particular individual within the community. You decide to prepare a preliminary care coordination plan and proceed by identifying the patient’s three priorities for health and by investigating the resources available in your community for a safe and effective continuum of care.

To prepare for this assessment, you may wish to:

• Review the assessment instructions and scoring guide to ensure that you understand the work you will be asked to complete.
• Allow plenty of time to plan your patient clinical encounter.
• Be sure that you have a hypothetical patient in mind.

Note: Remember that you can submit all, or a portion of, your draft plan to Smarthinking Tutoring for feedback, before you submit the final version for this assessment. If you plan on using this free service, be mindful of the turnaround time of 24–48 hours for receiving feedback.

Instructions

Note: You are required to complete this assessment before Assessment 4.

Develop the Preliminary Care Coordination Plan

Complete the following:

• Identify a health concern as the focus of your care coordination plan. Possible health concerns may include, but are not limited to:
  • Stroke.
  • Heart disease (high blood pressure, stroke, or heart failure).
  • Home safety.
  • Pulmonary disease (COPD or fibrotic lung disease).
  • Orthopedic concerns (hip replacement or knee replacement).
  • Cognitive impairment (Alzheimer’s disease or dementia).
  • Pain management.
  • Mental health.
  • Trauma.
• Identify available community resources for a safe and effective continuum of care.

Document Format and Length

You can use the linked templates as a guide for the needs of your hypothetical patient who has a selected health care problem.

For your care coordination plan, you may use the Care Coordination Plan Template [DOCX], choose a format used in your own organization, or choose a format you are familiar with that adequately serves your needs for this assessment.

• Your preliminary plan should be 3–4 pages in length. In a separate section of the plan, identify the hypothetical person you have chosen to work with.
• Document the community resources you have identified using the Community Resources Template [DOCX].

Supporting Evidence

Cite at least two credible sources from peer-reviewed journals or professional industry publications that support your preliminary plan.

Grading Requirements

The requirements, outlined below, correspond to the grading criteria in the Preliminary Care Coordination Plan Scoring Guide, so be sure to address each point. Read the performance-level descriptions for each criterion to see how your work will be assessed.

• Analyze your selected health concern and the associated best practices for health improvement.
  • Cite supporting evidence for best practices.
  • Consider underlying assumptions and points of uncertainty in your analysis.
• Identify a hypothetical individual who would benefit from a care coordination plan.
• Document goals for the care coordination plan.
• Identify available community resources for a safe and effective continuum of care.
• Write clearly and concisely in a logically coherent and appropriate form and style.
  • Write with a specific purpose with your patient in mind.
  • Adhere to scholarly and disciplinary writing standards and current APA formatting requirements.

Additional Requirements

Before submitting your assessment, proofread your preliminary care coordination plan and community resources list to minimize errors that could distract readers and make it more difficult for them to focus on the substance of your plan. Be sure to submit both documents.

Portfolio Prompt: Save your presentation to your ePortfolio. Submissions to the ePortfolio will be part of your final Capstone course.

 

Journaling provides a valuable tool for recording, reflecting on, and reviewing your learning. This approach provides an opportunity for you to “connect the dots” and observe the relationships between and among activities, interactions, and outcomes.

Unlike a personal journal of thoughts and feelings, this leadership journal is a record of your activities, assessments, and learning related to this academic experience.

Journal entries should include a record of the number of hours spent with your nurse leader each week.

Write a journal entry of 750-1,500 words on the subject of example, including the following:

1. Practicum Activities Reflection: Provide observations and thoughts on the activities in your practicum setting during Topics 11-12.
2. Application of Leadership: Describe how you have seen your preceptor show his or her credibility in the workplace. Explain how this credibility helps to foster a community of trust.
3. Practicum Project Preparation: What measures have you put into place to measure successful outcomes for your project once implemented? Are these measures sustainable?
4. Leadership Video Reflection: Reflect on at least two things you learned from the “Servant Leadership – Issue of Servant” video.

Use the “Leadership Journal Template” to complete this assignment.

APA format is not required, but solid academic writing is expected. 

  

I need between 100-120 words for each assignment, and I want individual references with each response. Please, no plagiarized work

Module 1

DQ 1  Outcome measures are significant in showing the worth of the Doctor of Nursing Practice’s role in health care. Identify a practice-level outcome study or project and describe the expectation of its effect on health care. Which outcome measure do you think aligns with your DPI project (Quality Improvement Project)? Why? Provide examples and literature support.

DQ 2  In this week’s readings, theories of accident causation, human error, foresight, resilience, and system migration were discussed. Identify a safety theory and propose quality measures to improve patient safety. Which theory or framework are you using to guide your DPI Project’s intervention and outcome? Please define what constructs of your chosen DPI Project theory will help you change/improve clinical practice to improve a specific patient outcome? Provide examples and literature support.

Resources

Henneman, E. A. (2017). Recognizing the ordinary as extraordinary: Insight into the “way we work” to improve patient safety outcomes. American Journal of Critical Care, 26(4), 272–277. doi:10.4037/ajcc2017812

Smith, S. A., Yount, N., & Sorra, J. (2017). Exploring relationships between hospital patient safety culture and Consumer Reports safety scores. BMC Health Services Research, 17,1-9. doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2078-6

Module 2

DQ 1  Discuss economic methodology, including the concept of cost-based analysis. If you will not be addressing this in your DPI Project, provide an example of a program where it could be used to show outcomes. Provide examples and literature support.

DQ 2   Discuss a change theory and how it can be or has been applied in nursing practice to integrate care delivery sustainability. How will you use change theory in the design of your project to support the sustainability of your practice improvement intervention? Provide examples and literature support.

Resources

Uluskan, M., McCreery, J. K., & Rothenberg, L. (2018). Impact of quality management practices on change readiness due to new quality implementations. International Journal of Lean Six Sigma, 9(3), 351-373. doi:10.1108/IJLSS-05-2017-0049

Steele Gray, C., Wilkinson, A., Alvaro, C., Wilkinson, K., & Harvey, M. (2015). Building resilience and organizational readiness during healthcare facility redevelopment transitions: Is it possible to thrive? HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 9(1), 10-33. doi:10.1177/1937586715593552

Allen, B. (2016). Effective design, implementation and management of change in healthcare. Nursing Standard, 31(3), 58. doi:10.7748/ns.2016.e10375

Module 3

DQ 1   New health care delivery models are being presented to accommodate the shift in health care objectives. Many of these models are community-based and focused on improving quality outcomes, population health, and reducing readmissions to acute care settings.

1. Describe a new health care delivery model and discuss whether or not it is sustainable.

2. How will you use a health care delivery model in the design of your project to support the sustainability of your practice improvement intervention? 

Provide examples and literature support.

DQ 2   Two major models of care exist: for-profit and not-for-profit. Does one or the other provide more ethical care? Why or why not? Provide examples and literature support.

Resources

Largent, E. A. (2016). Health care organizations and the power of procedure. American Journal of Bioethics, 16(1), 51–53. doi:10.1080/15265161.2015.1115155

Graber, A., Carter, S., Bhandary, A., & Rizzo, M. (2017). The case for enrolling high-cost patients in an ACO. HEC Forum, 29(4), 359-365. doi:10.1007/s10730-017-9333-4

Kirby, J. (2016). Balancing legitimate critical-care interests: Setting defensible care limits through policy development. American Journal of Bioethics, 16(1), 38-47. doi:10.1080/15265161.2015.1115141

Module 4

DQ 1   Explore a country that provides universal health care. What are its health outcomes? How do these outcomes compare to those in the United States? Should universal health care be a concept that the Doctor of Nursing Practice should support? Why or why not? As a nurse leader, how would you integrate your faith and work into any health care delivery concept? Provide examples and literature support.

DQ 2   The Commonwealth Fund provides an international review of health care systems. Read the Commonwealth Fund report, International Profiles of Health Care Systems, 2017. Discuss what knowledge you gained from reading the report and describe any changes you would apply to the U.S. health care system. What is the DNP’s role in the policy needed to enact the changes you identified? Provide examples and literature support.

Resources

Ruggles, B. M., Xiong, A., & Kyle, B. (2019). Healthcare coverage in the US and Japan: A comparison. Nursing, 49(4), 56-60. doi:10.1097/01.NURSE.0000553277.03472.d8

expenditure growth under single-payer systems: Comparing South Korea and Taiwan. Value in Health Regional Issues, 15, 149-154. doi:10.1016/j.vhri.2018.03.002

Rajfur, P., & Hys, K. (2018). Management of the healthcare system in Germany and France. Medical Science Pulse, 12(4), 55-60. doi:10.5604/01.3001.0012.7213 

Module 5

DQ 1   Review one of the tutorials on quality measures from the AHRQ: National Quality Measures Clearinghouse website. Provide an overview of what you reviewed and its application in your practice. Provide examples and literature support.

DQ 2   Review “How Can Healthcare Organizations Implement Patient-Centered Care,” and discuss evaluation models that can drive large-scale cultural transformation in health care or in your current practice. What are the strengths and weaknesses of these models? Provide examples and literature support.

Resources

Bokhour, B. G., Fix, G. M., Mueller, N. M., Barker, A. M., Lavela, S. L., Hill, J. N.,…VanDeusen Lukas, C. (2018). How can healthcare organizations implement patient-centered care? Examining a large-scale cultural transformation. BMC Health Services Research, 18(168). doi:10.1186/s12913-018-2949-5

Nel, H. (2018). A comparison between the asset-oriented and needs-based community development approaches in terms of systems changes. Practice: Social Work in Action, 30(1), 33-52. doi:10.1080/09503153.2017.1360474

Lindau, S. T., Vickery, K. D., Choi, H., Makelarski, J., Matthews, A., & Davis, M. (2016). A community-powered, asset-based approach to intersectoral urban health system planning in Chicago. American Journal of Public Health, 106(10), 1872-1878. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303302 

Module 6

DQ 1  The Doctor of Nursing Practice/Advanced Practice Nurse role empowers nurses to create programs for improving quality outcomes. What barriers need to be alleviated to increase the DNP/APN role in health care change? Provide examples and literature support.

DQ 2   Patient-centered care has been shown to increase positive patient outcomes. Provide an example of how collaboration within the health care team (interprofessional collaboration) has enhanced patient outcomes in your practice. Provide literature support.

Resources

Will, K. K., Johnson, M. L., & Lamb, G. (2019). Team-based care and patient satisfaction in the hospital setting: a systematic review. Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews, 6(2), 158-171. doi:10.17294/2330-0698.1695

Brown, L., & Overly, F. (2016). Simulation-based interprofessional team training. Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine, 17(3), 179-184. doi:10.1016/j.cpem.2016.06.001

Van der Biezen, M., Wensing, M., Poghosyan, L., Van der Burgt, R., & Laurant, M. (2017). Collaboration in teams with nurse practitioners and general practitioners during out-of-hours and implications for patient care; a qualitative study. BMC Health Services Research, 17, 1-9. doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2548-x

Barratt, J., & Thomas, N. (2018). Nurse practitioner consultations in primary health care: A case study-based survey of patients’ pre-consultation expectations, and post-consultation satisfaction and enablement. Primary Health Care Research & Development, 20, 1-8. doi:10.1017/S1463423618000415

Module 7

DQ 1   Utilize the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) website to examine the criteria that a Patient Centered Medical Home (PCMH) must meet to be credentialed. What is the value of the PCMH to patient outcomes? How does the NCQA website help you define and measure the results of your DPI Project intervention on patient outcomes? Provide examples and literature support.

DQ 2   What are some of the current assessment tools to improve patient understanding and adherence to prescribed treatment? What assessment tools are available to determine a level of health literacy and how can these tools help improve patient outcomes? Provide examples and literature support.

Resources

Read Chapter 6 in Outcome Assessment in Advanced Practice Nursing 4e.

Tucker, C., Arthur, T., & Roncoroni, J. (2013). Patient-centered, culturally sensitive health care. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 9(1), 63-77. doi:10.1177/1559827613498065

URL: https://journals-sagepub-com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/doi/full/10.1177/1559827613498065

Park, Y., & Martin, E. G. (2018). Geographic disparities in access to nursing home services: Assessing fiscal stress and quality of care. Health Services Research, 53, 2932-2951. doi:10.1111/1475-6773.12801

Barsell, J., Everhart, R. S., Miadich, S. A., & Trujillo, M. A. (2018). Examining health behaviors, health literacy, and self-efficacy in college students with chronic conditions. American Journal of Health Education, 49(5), 305-311.

Nguyen, T. H., Park, H., Han, H-R., Chan, K. S., Paasche-Orlow, M. K., Haun, J., & Kim, M. T. (2015). State of the science of health literacy measures: Validity implications for minority populations. Patient Education & Counseling, 98(12), 1492-1512. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2015.07.013

Module 8

DQ 1   Discuss effective means for translating and disseminating research by discussing the role of the DPI Project (Quality Improvement) and the opportunities for its dissemination. Include a discussion of the role of inter-professional collaboration. Provide examples and literature support.

DQ 2   Discuss recent health care innovations in your practice and your role in implementation. Provide examples and literature support.

Resources

Hassan, A., Scherer, E. A., Pikcilingis, A., Krull, E., McNickles, L., Marmon, G.,…Fleegler, E. (2015). Improving social determinants of health: Effectiveness of a web-based intervention. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 49(6), 822-831. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.04.023 

Curtis, K., Fry, M., Shaban, R., & Considine, J. (2016). Translating research findings to clinical nursing practice. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26(5-6), 862-872. doi:10.1111/jocn.13586

 

Advanced Nursing Practice and Advanced Practice Nursing

1. Analyze the differences between Advanced Nursing Practice and Advanced Practice Registered Nursing.
2. Appraise the population served through your Advanced Nursing Practice Role.
3. Evaluate certification opportunities for your chosen role.
4. Develop your licensure, accreditation, certification, and education plan based on your chosen advanced nursing practice role.
5. Investigate state-specific implications for your chosen role.

Your paper must be presented in a single Word document. The paper must be between 4 to 5 pages in length, not including the title and reference list pages. The paper must use proper APA formatting as directed in the APA Publication Manual, 7th edition formatting, including title page, and reference list with properly formatted citations in the body of the paper.

You are encouraged to consult the Academic Success Center prior to submitting your paper. To view the Grading Rubric for this Assignment, please visit the Grading Rubrics section of the Course Resources.

Assignment Requirements:

Before finalizing your work, you should:

• be sure to read the Assignment description carefully (as displayed above);
• consult the Grading Rubric (under the Course Resources) to make sure you have included everything necessary; and
• utilize spelling and grammar check to minimize errors.

Your writing Assignment should:

• follow the conventions of Standard English (correct grammar, punctuation, etc.);
• be well ordered, logical, and unified, as well as original and insightful;
• display superior content, organization, style, and mechanics; and
• use APA 7th edition format.