Assignment:

Financing Healthcare

Consider how compensation for healthcare services shape delivery of care, and reflects policy and policy changes and write a paper that addresses the bullets below. Be sure to completely address each bullet point. There should be four (4) sections in your paper; one for each bullet below. Separate each section in your paper with a clear brief heading that allows your professor to know which bullet you are addressing in that section of your paper. Include a “Conclusion” section that summarizes all topics. This assignment will be at least 1250 words.

This week you will reflect upon accountability in healthcare finance to address the following:

• Discuss the history of private health insurance and manage care and how it involved into a healthcare industry?  
• Identify the key federal laws that protect individuals who are enrolled in private insurance.
• Briefly discuss consumer-driven healthcare and the empowerment of the healthcare consumer.
• Explore the opportunities which have emerged for nurses within the private insurance market.

Assignment Expectations

Length: 1250-1500 words in length

Structure: Include a title page and reference page in APA format. These do not count towards the minimal word amount for this assignment.  Your essay must include an introduction and a conclusion.

References: Use the appropriate APA  7th edition style in-text citations and references for all resources utilized to answer the questions. A minimum of two (2) scholarly sources are required for this assignment.

I NEED A RESPONSE FOR THIS ASSIGNMENT 

2 REFERENCES

Diagnostic Criteria

My assigned neurocognitive disorder for this week’s discussion is major frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder. Per the DSM-5, diagnostic criteria for this disorder includes that criteria are met for both mild and major neurocognitive disorder and that there is an insidious onset and gradual progression (APA, 2013). Either (1) or (2) must be present: (1) the behavioral variant with three or more of the following behavioral symptoms: behavioral disinhibition, inertia or apathy, loss of empathy or sympathy, compulsive/ritualistic, preservative, or stereotyped behavior, or dietary changes and hyperorality (APA, 2013). There is also a prominent decline in executive abilities or social cognition (APA, 2013). (2) is the language variant which includes when the language ability shows a prominent decline including word finding, speech production, grammar, object naming, or word comprehension (APA, 2013). There is a relative sparing of memory, learning, and perceptual-motor function (APA, 2013). The disturbances are also not better explained by another neurodegenerative disease, cerebrovascular disease, the effects of a substance, or another disorder (APA, 2013). The difference in major and mild neurocognitive disorders are subtyped pathologically and etiologically on the basis of associated symptoms, time course, and if they interfere with independence in completing daily activities (APA, 2013).

Psychotherapeutic and Psychopharmacologic Treatment Risks and Benefits

            According to Young et al. (2018), there are currently no FDA approved medications for the treatment of frontotemporal dementia. It is reported that there is a small number of studies that found selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) to be effective in managing behavioral symptoms and that stimulants may be helpful with apathy and disinhibition (Young et al., 2018). Antipsychotic medications have been used in this disorder to treat psychosis and agitation, but there is a great risk carried due to the safety and side effect profiles of these medications in this population (Young et al., 2018). However, if caring for extremely violent or disruptive patients with this disorder, these medication benefits may have to outweigh the risks (Tsai & Boxer, 2016). Tsai and Boxer (2016) discuss that cholinesterase inhibitors have been studied in the treatment of this disorder and were not found to be effective. When reviewing nonpharmacologic treatments for this disorder, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy may be helpful treatment modalities for this disorder (Tsai & Boxer, 2016). Cognitive therapy and family therapies and interventions may be considered for these patients depending upon severity of their condition and what phase of the disease progression they are currently in (Rao et al., 2020).

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Rao, G. P., Sivakumar, P. T., Srivastava, S., & Sidana, R. C. (2020). Cognitive Therapy and Family Intervention for Patients with Dementia and Psychosis. Indian journal of psychiatry, 62(Suppl 2), S183–S191. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_769_19

Tsai, R. M., & Boxer, A. L. (2014). Treatment of frontotemporal dementia. Current treatment options in neurology, 16(11), 319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11940-014-0319-0

Young, J. J., Lavakumar, M., Tampi, D., Balachandran, S., & Tampi, R. R. (2018). Frontotemporal dementia: latest evidence and clinical implications. Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology, 8(1), 33–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125317739818

Needs to be at least 300 words with at least 1 scholarly article within the past five year.

As leaders, we must be aware of the rapidly changing technological environment. Ethical standards should be at the forefront of the evaluation of these new emerging technologies. Why are ethical considerations and regulations important when evaluating emerging technological advances? How would you envision this impacting your new role as a doctoral-prepared nurse?

Consider your topic of interest and the purpose for exploring this topic.

My topic of interest is how to avoid unnecessary urinary catheter use and effectively implement safe catheter care with chlorhexidine gluconate wipes to prevent Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) in Long Term Acute Care patients. CAUTI has been a menace to the healthcare settings. Inappropriate and prolonged use of indwelling urinary catheter is a major risk factor for CAUTI, as the IUC poses a “daily bacteriuria risk of about 3-7 percent which rises to 25 percent in one week, and quadruple to 100 percent if the IUC stays inserted” (Gesmundo, 2016). Additionally, the financial burden for treating CAUTI is huge on the healthcare facilities compare to the cost of prevention. Treatment is “approximately $1000 and Medicare has declined to reimbursed hospital for the cost” (Hollenbeak and Schilling, 2018). Thus, preventing CAUTI should be the goal.

Nurses occupy an important position in the prevention of CAUTI, as “they deliver a huge part of daily catheter cares” (Gesmundo, 2016).  It is therefore essential that nurses are equipped with the necessary knowledge to critically assess patients, in all health care settings for therapeutic indications of IUC, and implement scientifically proven evidence-based catheter management care. This will change the current perception and culture of IUC, thereby enhancing safe catheter use and care.

What outcomes would you like to see emerge from this?

From this study, it would be expected that nurses have increased understanding of CDC recommendation and guidelines for appropriate use of an indwelling urinary catheter (IUC) by critically assessing patients for the therapeutic indication for IUC, perform efficient catheter care with CHG wipes during insertion and after, as well as ensure timely discontinuation of use to prevents CAUTI.

How would you measure these outcomes?

Aiken et. al (2016) submitted that outcomes can be measured using “patient mortality, patient ratings of care, care quality, patient safety, adverse events, and nurse burnout and job dissatisfaction”. For my study, the incidence of CAUTI after hospital admission, mortality, and morbidity due to CAUTI would be used in measuring the outcomes. Center of Diseases Control and Prevention (2020) submits that “15-25% of the hospitalized patient gets a urinary catheter inserted during their hospital stay and approximately 75% of Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) acquired in the hospital is due to a urinary catheter”. Also, “more than 560,000 patients develop CAUTI each year, leading to extended hospital stays increased health care costs, patient morbidity, and mortality” (American Nurse Association, n.d). While measuring the outcomes, patients will be closely monitored, rate/prevalence of CAUTI, and morbidity and mortality associated with CAUTI  documented. Nurses must ensure optimal care for hospitalized patients by preventing CAUTI thereby meeting the “US Department of Health and Human Services’ goals of reducing healthcare-associated infections” (Krein, Kowalski, Harrod, Forman, and Saint, 2013).

There is often the requirement to evaluate descriptive statistics for data within the organization or for health care information. Every year the National Cancer Institute collects and publishes data based on patient demographics. Understanding differences between the groups based upon the collected data often informs health care professionals towards research, treatment options, or patient education.

Using the data on the “National Cancer Institute Data” Excel spreadsheet, calculate the descriptive statistics indicated below for each of the Race/Ethnicity groups. Refer to your textbook and the Topic Materials, as needed, for assistance in with creating Excel formulas.

Provide the following descriptive statistics:

1. Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median, and Mode
2. Measures of Variation: Variance, Standard Deviation, and Range (a formula is not needed for Range).
3. Once the data is calculated, provide a 150-250 word analysis of the descriptive statistics on the spreadsheet. This should include differences and health outcomes between groups.

APA style is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. 

You are not required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite.