PLEASE FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTION BELOW

ZERO PLAGIARISM

4 REFERENCES 

n 2012, statistics in the United States indicated that state CPS agencies received 3.4 million referrals for child abuse and neglect. Of these, nearly 700,000 children were found to be victims of maltreatment: 18% were victims of physical abuse and 78% were victims of neglect (CDC, 2014). Child sexual abuse makes up roughly 10% of child maltreatment cases in the United States (CDC, 2014). The CDC considers sexual abuse at any age a form of violence. Child abuse of any kind can lead to an increased state of inflammatory markers in adulthood, as well as multiple physical illnesses and high-risk behavior such as alcoholism and drug abuse. If a PMHNP identifies child abuse, there may be a need to report the abuse to authorities. Once able to provide treatment, the PMHNP can be instrumental in reducing the long-term effects of child abuse.

In this Discussion, you recommend strategies for assessing for abuse and analyze influences of media and social media on mental health. You also evaluate the need for mandatory reporting of abuse.

Learning Objectives

Students will:

• Recommend strategies for assessing for abuse
• Analyze influences of media and social media on mental health
• Evaluate the need for mandatory reporting of abuse

To Prepare for this Discussion:

• Read the Learning Resources concerning treating childhood abuse.
• Read the Child Abuse Case Study in the Learning Resources.

Note: For this Discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the “Post to Discussion Question” link and then select “Create Thread” to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click submit, you cannot delete or edit your own posts and cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking Submit!

By Day 3

Post:

• What strategies would you employ to assess the patient for abuse? Explain why you selected these strategies.
• How might exposure to the media and/or social media affect the patient?
• What type of mandatory reporting (if any) is required in this case? Why?

 Respond to  your colleagues who were  assigned a different disorder than you. Compare the differential  diagnostic features of the disorder you were assigned to the diagnostic  features of the disorder your colleagues were assigned. What are their  similarities and differences? How might you differentiate the two  diagnoses? 

                                                            Main Post

Opioid Use Disorder 

Substance  use disorder is a major public health problem in the United States.  This is a problem that is associated with increased morbidity,  mortality, and cost of care. It suffices to say that the health care  delivery system is significantly burdened by issues that are associated  with substance use disorder. Data from 1995 to 2018 shows that there has  been an increase in the prevalence rate the use of cannabis as well as  other illegal drugs and analgesics (Seitz et al., 2019). This shows how  substance abuse presents a serious problem for the health care system.  when discussing substance abuse and related disorders, it is very hard  to ignore the opioid epidemic in the country. The opioid epidemic is a  crisis that has taken millions of lives over the last few decades. This  crisis was initially worsened by an augmented use of pharmaceutical  opioids. Currently, most deaths due to opioid are caused by overdosing  on heroin as well as the illegally manufactured synthetic opioid that is  referred to as fentanyl (Lyden & Binswanger, 2019). Death is not  the only negative outcome of the crisis. Opioid use is also associated  with disorders. Opioid use disorder shall form the description of this  paper where the diagnostic criteria shall be presented first. The paper  shall then discuss the treatment of opioid use disorder using  psychotherapy and psychopharmacologic interventions. Finally, the  clinical features of the disorder shall be discussed with reference to  the DSM-5 criteria.

Diagnostic Criteria 

Opioid  use disorder is described as a pattern of opioid use that is  problematic, leading to clinically significant distress or impairment.  The distress or impairment should be manifested by at least two symptoms  from a list that is provided in the DSM-5. This manifestation should  last at least 12 months to make a correct diagnosis (APA, 2013).  Notably, if a person exhibits 2-3 symptoms, this is considered a mild  case. If there are 4-5 symptoms, this is considered moderate, and 6 or  more symptoms demonstrate a severe case. The symptoms as provided in the  DSM-5  list include taking opioids in larger amounts or longer period  than intended, persistent desire or uncontrolled effort to moderate or  stop using opioids, spending so much time using, acquiring and  recovering from the use, craving for opioids, failing to fulfill  important obligations in life due to opioid use, continued use  regardless of social and interpersonal problems that are worsened by the  use of opioids, giving up social, occupational and recreational  activities due to opioid use, using opioids in situations that are  hazardous, and continued use of opioids with the knowledge that it is  causing or exacerbating physical or psychological problems. Notably,  having a high tolerance for opioids in order to achieve the desire to  consume as well as suffering from withdrawals are also symptoms to  include in the list but do not apply in cases where opioids are used  solely for medication purposes (APA, 2013).  

Psychotherapy 

The  most effective psychotherapeutic approach in the treatment of opioid  use disorder is cognitive behavioral therapy. In one study, the  accessibility, feasibility, and efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy  in the treatment of opioid use disorder was confirmed (Barry et al.,  2019). This approach is effective in preventing relapse and it is also  known to work in preventing those that are taking opioid medications for  pain from starting to use other illicit opioid substances. The use of  psychotherapy as discussed entails rehabilitation as well as  maintenance. While rehabilitation focuses on the use of cognitive  behavioral therapy, maintenance includes psychological support and  patients are always encouraged to join support groups such as an  anonymous program. Education and reward cooperation can be the benefits  of these support groups (Dydyk, Jain & Gupta, 2020). In addition,  when group approaches are used, patients get to benefit from therapeutic  factors such as universality and guidance. The maintenance phase may  also require the use of medications. 

Psychopharmacologic Treatment 

When  cognitive behavioral therapy is used in combination with medication, it  is said to be most effective in the treatment of opioid use disorder  (Dydyk, Jain & Gupta, 2020). Drugs are used for opioid replacement,  maintenance, and substitution therapy. Thus, the drugs that are commonly  used include Methadone and Buprenorphine. They are always provided  under supervision. These drugs are longer acting though they are not as  addictive and euphoric as the illicit opioid drugs. The mentioned drugs  are mu opioid receptor agonists, and they are used as opioid  substitutions even though they have dissimilar pharmacodynamic and  pharmacokinetic properties (Noble & Marie, 2019). Other medications  that are used include Naltrexone that helps in reducing the urge to use,  hence maintaining abstinence and Lofexidine which may be used to treat  side effects associated with withdrawal.

Clinical Features 

 In  a person that presents to the clinic and is diagnosed with opioid use  disorder, they may have slurred speech, pinpoint pupils as well as  sedation. On of the criterion for the disorder is tolerance. This is  requiring high amounts to quench the desire. In such cases, patients may  not present with acute symptoms. This may also be true in cases where  the patient has used a dose that is typical for them. Most acute cases  are emergencies due to overdosing (Strain, Saxon & Hermann, 2015).  It is therefore very important for any health worker to be keen in  identifying the acute symptoms, especially emergency cases in order to  prevent deaths due to overdosing of opioids, something that is very  common.

References

Barry,  D. T., Beitel, M., Cutter, C. J., Fiellin, D. A., Kerns, R. D., Moore,  B. A., … & Schottenfeld, R. S. (2019). An evaluation of the  feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of  cognitive-behavioral therapy for opioid use disorder and chronic pain. Drug and alcohol dependence, 194, 460-467

Dydyk, A. M., Jain, N. K., & Gupta, M. (2020). Opioid Use Disorder. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553166/#article-42233.s6

Lyden, J., & Binswanger, I. A. (2019, April). The United States opioid epidemic. In Seminars in perinatology (Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 123-131). WB Saunders

Noble,  F., & Marie, N. (2019). Management of opioid addiction with opioid  substitution treatments: beyond methadone and buprenorphine. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 742

Seitz,  N. N., Lochbühler, K., Atzendorf, J., Rauschert, C., Pfeiffer-Gerschel,  T., & Kraus, L. (2019). Trends in substance use and related  disorders: Analysis of the epidemiological survey of substance abuse 1995 to 2018. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 116(35-36), 585.

Strain,  E., Saxon, A. J., & Hermann, R. (2015). Opioid use disorder:  Epidemiology, pharmacology, clinical manifestations, course, screening,  assessment, and diagnosis. UpToDate, Post, TW, editor. UpToDate. Waltham, MA [cited 2018 Apr 1] 

Week 4 Project

Study the resources in your community related to the illness group chosen in Week 1 (Attached). In a Microsoft Word document of 4-5 pages formatted in APA style, describe the resources, including the following information:

·  Identify and discuss a minimum of three community or national resources for your illness group preferably in your community.

·  Include in your response all the information the patient should know about the services.

o  Benefits

o  Specific services they offer.

o  Fee schedules, if and when appropriate.

o  Criteria for eligibility.

o  Application process.

o  Availability of transportation.

·  Discuss integration of these resources into a plan of care.

·  Discuss potential advantages and disadvantages for vulnerable populations in seeking these resources.

Support your responses with examples and information from library resources, textbook and lectures.

·  Papers are professional papers so you should use third person.  Try not to use first or second person when completing.  Review APA format.

Please note that the title and reference pages should not be included in the total page count of your paper.

On a separate references page, cite your sources in your work and provide references for the citations in APA format. Support your work, using your course lectures and textbook readings. Helpful APA guides and resources are available in the  University Online Library. Below are guides that are located in the library and can be accessed and downloaded via the  University Online Citation Resources: APA Style page. The American Psychological Association website also provides detailed guidance on formatting, citations, and references at APA Style.

· 

I need a response to this assignment

zero plagiarism

2 references

Treating Childhood Abuse

Child abuse can result from physical, verbal, or sexual harm. Child abuse or maltreatment affects young people of all ages. Even though the federal government and states have programs to investigate allegations of abuse, prevent abuse, and educate caregivers, child maltreatment is still a terrible misfortune for millions of children and families (Sadock, Sadock, & Ruiz, 2017, pg. 3228). Early identification of child abuse can keep children safe by stopping abuse and preventing future abuse from occurring. Treating child abuse is a significant undertaking requiring clinical training and education. However, although not every child needs therapy, it is crucial to employ strategies to assess the child for abuse and determine the child’s need for treatment during the intake stage. 

Strategies to Employ to Assess the Patient for Abuse

Strategies to employ to assess the patient for abuse include screening questions about abuse and neglect, open-ended questions, or closed-ended questions. Screening questions should be utilized routinely asked of both parents and children. For instance, a routine intake assessment could be mandated as a child enters a new school, part of a medical examination, or case management services (Monroe County Department of Human Services, 2020). The screening questions should be asked without creating lasting anxiety or fear. The screening questions could be alternate between focusing on uncovering abuse and about more conventional topics to keep the interview positive and informational. When answers from a child describe or relate to abuse or neglect, the therapist or counselor must avoid blaming, accusing, or making the child feel ashamed of what occurred (Monroe County Department of Human Services, 2020).

How Might Exposure to the Media and/or Social Media Affect the Patient?

About 45% of teens are online almost always, and 97% use a social media platform (Mayo Clinic, 2019). Exposure to media or social media could affect the patient positively or negatively. Social media can provide teens with valuable support, especially for those who experience exclusion or have disabilities or chronic illnesses (Mayo Clinic, 2019). Furthermore, social media allows teens to create online identities, communicate with others, entertainment, self-expression, exposure to current events, interact across geographic barriers, help teens avoid depression, and build a social network.

Although social media has some positive impact on teens, it can also negatively impact such as distraction and disruption of sleep, exposure to bullying, rumor spreading, unrealistic views of others’ lives, and peer pressure (Mayo Clinic, 2019). A 2019 study of 12 to 15 years of age in the U.S revealed that those who spent more than three hours a day using social media might be at heightened risk for mental health problems (Mayo Clinic, 2019). Furthermore, another study of 13 to 16 years of age in 2019 in England found that those who were using social media more than three times a day predicted poor mental health and wee-being in teens. There is a link between a high level of social media use and depression or anxiety symptoms.

Type of Mandatory Reporting (if any) is Required in this Case

When there is reasonable suspicion that child abuse has occurred, mandated reporters must call the hotline. In this case, mandatory reporting is not required because the patient is 19 years old, an adult, not a child. The state law only applies to individuals under 18 years (Monroe County Department of Human Services, 2020). Since the patient is older than 18 years, the local police should be called.

References

Mayo Clinic. (2019). Teens and social media use: What’s the impact? Retrieved from

https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/tween-and-teen-health/in-depth/teens-and-social-media-use/art-20474437#:~:text=Social%20media%20harms%20However%2C%20social%20media%20use%20can,related%20to%20how%20much%20social%20media%20teens%20use.

Monroe County Department of Human Services (2020). Screening Questions for Routine Intake

Assessment. Retrieved from https://www.dorightbykids.org/how-do-i-recognize-child-abuse-and-neglect/screening-questions-for-routine-intake-assessment/

Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2017). Kaplan & Sadock’s comprehensive textbook of

psychiatry (10th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins